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Aristotle. fourth century B. C. 1979 [1965]. Trans. A. L. Peck. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23 vols. ———. fourth century B. C. 1991. Trans. D. M. Balme. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 11. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23 vols. ———. fourth century B. C. 1979 [1942]. Trans. A. L. Peck. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23 vols. ———. fourth century B. C. 1970 [1926]. Trans. W. S. Hett. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 15. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23 vols. ———. fourth century B. C. 1983 [1937]. Trans. W. S. Hett. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 15. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23 vols. Athenaeus. second century A. D. 1980 [1937]. Deipnosophistae. Trans. C. B. Gulick. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 7 vols. Celsus. fi rst century B. C. 1971 [1935]. De Medecina. Trans. W. G. Spencer. Loeb Classical Library Vol. 1. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3 vols. ———. fi rst century B. C. 1961 [1938]. De Medecina. Trans. W. G. Spencer. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3 vols. Diodorus Siculus. fi rst century B. C. 1961 [1935]. Trans. C. H. Oldfather. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 12 vols. Edelstein, Emma and Ludwig Edelstein. 1945. Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 2 vols. Euripides. fi ft h century B. C. 1987. Alcestis. A. M. Dale, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ———. fi ft h century B. C. 1978. Orestes. G. Murray, ed. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3 vols. Galen. second century A. D. 1821–33. Medicorum Graecorum. C. G. Kühn, ed. 20 vols. Leipzig: Knobloch. Gager, John. 1992. Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World. New York: Oxford University Press. RT3340X_C002.indd 28 RT3340X_C002.indd 28 7/11/2006 9:39:04 AM 7/11/2006 9:39:04 AM
29 Deaf and Dumb in Ancient Greece Th e Greek Anthology. 1979. Trans. W. R. Paton. Vol. 4. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 5 vols. Herodas. third century B. C. 1971. Herodas Miamiambi. I. C. Cunningham, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Herodas. third century B. C. 1993. Mimes. In Th eophrastus, Characters; Herodas, Mimes; Cercidas and the Choliambic Poets. Ed. and trans. I. C. Cunningham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Herodotus. fi ft h century B. C. 1981–90 [1920–25]. Trans. A. D. Godley. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4 vols. Hesiod. ca. seventh century B. C. 1990. Friedrich Solmson, ed. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hippocrates. ca. sixth through fourth centuries B. C. 1839–1861. Oeuvres complètes d’Hippocrate. É. Littré, ed. Paris: Ballière. 10 vols. Homer. ca. eighth century B. C. 1988–93 [1924–25]. Iliad. Trans. A. T. Murray. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2 vols. Jacoby, Felix. 1958. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. 3:C. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Jordan, David. 1985. “Defi xiones From a Well Near the Southwest Corner of the Athenian Agora.” Hesperia 54: 105–255. Kassel, R. and C. Austin. 1983. Poetae Comici Graeci. Vol. 4. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 7 vols. Page, D. L. 1967. Poetae Melici Graecae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pausanias. second century A. D. 1977–79 [1918–33]. Trans W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard Uni- versity Press. 4 Vols. Pearson, A. C. 1917. Th e Fragments of Sophocles. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3 vols. ———. Th
e Fragments of Sophocles. 1917. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1917. 3 vols. Petzl, Georg. 1982. Die Inschrift en von Smyrna. Inschrift en Griechischer Stadte Aus Kleinasien 23. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt. Plato. fi ft h/fourth centuries B. C. 1977 [1926]. Trans. H. N. Fowler. Vol. 4. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard Uni- versity Press. 12 vols. ———. fi ft h/fourth centuries B. C. 1977 [1927]. Trans. H. N. Fowler. Vol. 5. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 12 vols. ———. fi ft h/fourth centuries B. C. 1977 [1921]. Trans. H. N. Fowler. Vol. 7. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 12 vols. Pleket, H. W. and R. S. Stroud, eds. 1988. Vol. 35. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. Pliny. fi rst century A. D. 1983 [1940]. Natural History. Trans. H. Rackham. Vol. 3. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10 vols. ———. fi rst century A. D. 1971 [1962]. Natural History. Trans. D. E. Eichholz. Vol. 10. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10 vols. Plutarch. fi rst/second centuries A. D. 1968 [1916]. Lives. Trans. B. Perrin. Vol. 4. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 11 vols. ———. fi rst/second centuries A. D. 1971 [1919]. Lives. Trans. B. Perrin. Vol. 7. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 11 vols. ———. fi rst/second centuries A. D. 1936. Moralia. Trans. F. C. Babbit. Vol. 5. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 15 vols. Strabo. fi rst century B. C./fi rst century A. D. 1928. Geography. Trans. H. L. Jones. Vol. 5. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 8 vols. Vergil. fi rst century B. C. 1978 [1916]. Trans. H. R. Fairclaugh. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2 vols. Xenophon. fi ft h/fourth centuries B. C. 1983 [1914]. Trans. W. Miller. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 7 vols. ———. fi ft h/fourth centuries B. C. 1979 [1923]. Trans. O. J. Todd. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Harvard Uni- versity Press. 7 vols. Secondary Material: Ancient Topics Aleshire, Sara. 1991. Asklepios at Athens: Epigraphic and Prosopographic Essays on the Athenian Healing Cults. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. ———. 1989. Th e Athenian Asklepion: Th e People, Th eir Dedications, and the Inventories. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. Angel, J. Lawrence. 1947. “Th e Length of Life in Ancient Greece.” Journal of Gerontology 2: 18–24. Boegehold, Alan. Forthcoming. “Some Modern Gestures in Ancient Greek Literature.” Transactions of the Greek Humanistic Society 1. ———. 1989. “A Signifying Gesture: Euripides, Iphageneia Taurica 965–66.” American Journal of Archaeology 93: 81–83. Bremmer, Jan. 1987. “Th e Old Women of Ancient Greece.” Sexual Asymmetry: Studies in Ancient Society. Ed. J. Blok and P. Mason. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. 191–215. Burford, Alison. 1993. Land and Labor in the Greek World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Dawson, Warren R. 1986. “Herodotus as a Medical Writer.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 33: 87–96. Drew, D. L. 1931. “Euripides’ Alcestis.” American Journal of Philology 52: 295–319. RT3340X_C002.indd 29 RT3340X_C002.indd 29 7/11/2006 9:39:04 AM 7/11/2006 9:39:04 AM
M. Lynn Rose 30 Evans, J. A. S. 1991. Herodotus: Explorer of the Past. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Finley, M. I. 1981. “Th e Elderly in Classical Antiquity.” Greece and Rome 28: 156–71. Garland, Robert. 1995. Th e Eye of the Beholder: Deformity and Disability in the Graeco-Roman World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Golden, Mark. 1990. Children and Childhood in Classical Athens. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gourevitch, Danielle. 1983. “L’aphonie hippocratique.” Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique. Ed. F. Lasserre and P. Mudry. Geneva: Librairie Droz: 297–305. ———. 1991. “Un enfant muet de naissance s’exprime par le dessin: à propos d’un cas rapporté par Pline l’Ancien.” L’Evolution psychiatrique 56: 889–93. ———. 1984. Le Mal d’être femme: la femme et la médecine dans la Rome antique. Paris: Société d’edition “Les Belles Lettres.” Grmek, Mirko, 1989. Diseases in the Ancient Greek World. Trans. M. Muellner. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1985. Demography and Democracy: Th e Number of Athenian Citizens in the Fourth Century B. C. Herning, Denmark: Systime. Hanson, Victor Davis. 1989. Th e Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. New York: Knopf. Harris, William. 1989. Ancient Literacy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Havelock, Eric. 1976. Origins of Western Literacy. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Hedreen, Guy Michael. 1992. Silens in Attic Black-fi gure Vase-painting: Myth and Performance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Koelbing, Huldrych. 1977. Arzt und Patient in der Antiken Welt. Munich: Artemis. Lang, Mabel. 1977. Cure and Cult in Ancient Corinth: A Guide to the Asklepion. Princeton: American School of Classical Stud- ies at Athens. Majno, Guido. 1975. Th e Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Masson O. 1976. “Le nom de Battos, fondateur de Cyrene,” Glotta 54: 84–98. O’Neill, Yves Violé. 1980. Speech and Speech Disorders in Western Th ought Before 1600. Westport: Greenwood Press. Pötscher, W. 1974. “Der stumme Sohn der Kroisos.” Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 20: 367–68. Pomeroy, Sarah. 1993. “Infanticide in Hellenistic Greece.” Images of Women in Antiquity. Ed. A. Cameron and A. Kuhrt. 2nd ed. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 207–22. Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin. 1986. “Female Speech and Female Sexuality: Euripides’ Hippolytus as Model.” Helios 13: 127–40. Reinhold, Meyer. 1976. “Th e Generation Gap in Antiquity.” Th e Confl ict of Generations in Ancient Greece and Rome. Ed. S. Bertman. Amsterdam: Grüner. 15–54. Ruschenbusch, Eberhard. 1983. “Tribut und Bürgerzahl im ersten athenischen Seebund.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 53: 125–48. Sallares, Robert. 1991. Th e Ecology of the Ancient Greek World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Segal, Charles. 1993. Art, Gender, and Communication in Alcestis, Hippolytus, and Hecuba. Durham: Duke University Press. Starr, Chester. 1977. Th e Economic and Social Growth of Early Greece 800—500 B. C. New York: Oxford University Press. Th omas, Rosalind. 1992. Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van Straten, F. T. 1981. “Gift s for the Gods.” Faith Hope and Worship. Ed. H. S. Versnel. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 65–151. Versnel, H. S. 1981. “Religious Mentality in Ancient Prayer.” Faith Hope and Worship. Ed. H. S. Versnel. Leiden E. J. Brill. 1–64. Wells, Calvin. 1964. Bones, Bodies and Disease: Evidence of Disease and Abnormality in Early Man. Ancient Peoples and Places 37. Bristol: Western Printing Services. Živanović, Srboljub. 1982. Ancient Diseases: Th e Elements of Paleopathology. Trans. L. Edwards. New York: Pica Press, 1982. Secondary Material: Modern Topics Canadian Task Force of the Health Services Directorate. 1988. Acquired Hearing Impairment of the Adult. Ottawa: Minister of National Health and Welfare. Cohen, M. Michael and Robert J. Gorlin. 1995. “Epidemiology, Etiology, and Genetic Patterns.” Hereditary Hearing Loss and Its Syndromes. Ed. R. Gorlin, H. Toriello and M. Cohen. Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics 28. New York: Oxford University Press. 9–21. Curtiss, Susan. 1977. Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern Day “Wild Child.” New York: Academic Press. Gershon, Hannah. 1994. “Who Gets to be Called ‘Deaf ’? Cultural Confl ict Between Deaf Populations.” Society for Disability Studies Annual Meeting. Rockville, 24 June. Gloring, Aram and Jean Roberts. 1965. “Hearing Levels of Adults by Age and Sex.” Vital and Health Statistics Ser. 11, 11: 1–34.
Goldin-Meadow, S. and C. Mylander. 1990. “Th e Development of Morphology Without a Conventional Language Model.” From Gesture to Language in Hearing and Deaf Children. Ed. V. Volterra and C. J. Erting. New York: Springer-Verlag. 165–77. Greenfeld, Josh. 1972. A Child Called Noah. New York: Washington Square Press. Groce, Nora. 1985. Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha’s Vineyard. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. RT3340X_C002.indd 30 RT3340X_C002.indd 30 7/11/2006 9:39:04 AM 7/11/2006 9:39:04 AM 31 Deaf and Dumb in Ancient Greece Haller, Beth. 1995. “Rethinking Models of Media Representation of Disability.” Disability Studies Quarterly 15: 29–30. Hogan, Anthony. 1984. Letter to the Author. 14 July. Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard. 1962. Th e Wild Boy of Aveyron (L’enfant sauvage). Trans. G. and M. Humphrey. New York: Mer- edith. Johnson, Robert E. and Carol Erting. 1989. “Ethnicity and Socialization in a Classroom for Deaf Children.” Th e Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community. Ed. C. Lucas. New York: Academic Press. 41–83. Kiger, Gary, Stephen Hey and J. Gary Linn. 1994. “Introduction.” Disability Studies: Defi nitions and Diversity. Ed. G. Kiger, S. Hey, and J. G. Linn. Salem, Oregon: Society for Disability Studies and Willamette University. 1–4. Kisor, Henry. 1990. What’s Th at Pig Outdoors? A Memoir of Deafness. New York: Penguin Books. Kryter, Karl. 1985. Th e Eff ects of Noise on Man. 2nd ed. Orlando: Academic Press. Lampropoulou, Venetta. 1995. “Th e History of Deaf Education in Greece.” Th e Deaf Way: Perspectives from the International Conference on Deaf Culture. Ed. C. J. Erting, R. C. Johnson, D. L. Smith, and B. D. Snider. Washington, D. C.: Gallaudet University Press. 239–49. Lane, Harlan. 1992. Th e Mask of Benevolence: Disabling the Deaf Community. New York: Knopf. ———. 1985. When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf. New York: Random House. ———. and Richard Pillard. 1978. Th e Wild Boy of Burundi: A Study of an Outcast Child. New York: Random House. Li, Ha-Sheng. 1992. “Genetic Infl uence on Susceptibility of the Auditory System to Aging and Environmental Factors.” Scan- dinavian Audiology 21, Supplement 36: 1–39. Mohay, H. 1990. “Th e Interaction of Gesture and Speech in the Language Development of Two Profoundly Deaf Children.” From Gesture to Language in Hearing and Deaf Children. Ed. V. Volterra and C. J. Erting. New York: Springer-Verlag. 187–204.
Murder By Death. 1984. Directed by Robert Moore. Columbia. Padden, Carol and Tom Humphries. 1988. Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Padden, Carol. 1992. Review of A Man Without Words, by Susan Schaller. American Journal of Psychology 105: 648–53. Pereira Da Cunha, M. C. and C. De Lemos. 1990. “Gesture in Hearing Mother—Deaf Child Interaction.” From Gesture to Language in Hearing and Deaf Children. Ed. V. Volterra and C. J. Erting. New York: Springer-Verlag. 178–86. Pinker, Steven. 1994. Th e Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: William Morrow and Company. Prazma, Jiri. 1981. “Ototoxicity of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics.” Pharmacology of Hearing: Experimental and Clinical Bases. Ed. R. D. Brown and E. A. Daigneault. New York: John Wiley. Rose, Petra and Gary Kiger. 1994. “Intergroup Relations: Political Action and Identity in the Deaf Community.” Society for Disability Studies Annual Meeting. Rockville, 23 June. Rymer, Russ. 1993. Genie: An Abused Child’s Flight From Silence. New York: Harper Collins. Salih, Mustafa Abdalla. 1990. “Childhood Acute Bacterial Meningitis in the Sudan: An Epidemiological, Clinical and Labora- tory Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases Supplement 66: 1–103. Salomon, Gerhard. 1986. “Hearing Problems and the Elderly.” Danish Medical Bulletin Special Supplement Series on Gerontol- ogy 33, Supplement 3: 1–17. Scheetz, Nanci. 1993. Orientation to Deafness. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Silverman, Franklin. 1995. Communication for the Speechless: An Introduction to Nonvocal Communication Systems for the Severely Handicapped. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Soucek, Sava and Leslie Michaels. 1990. Hearing Loss in the Elderly: Audiometric, Electrophysiological and Histopathological Aspects. London: Springer-Verlag. Stokoe, William. 1994. “Discovering a Neglected Language.” Sign Language Studies 85: 377–82. ———. 1990. “Language, Prelanguage, and Sign Language.” Seminars in Speech and Language 11: 92–99. ———. 1994. “Seeing Clearly Th rough Fuzzy Speech.” Sign Language Studies 82: 85–91. ———. 1972. Semiotics and Human Sign Languages. Approaches to Semiotics 21. Paris: Mouton. Williams, Donna. 1994. Somebody Somewhere: Breaking Free From the World of Autism. New York: Times Books. Abbreviations DAGW M. Grmek, Diseases in the Ancient Greek World (Baltimore, 1989). FGrH F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Leiden, 1923). GG F. Van Straten, “Gift s for the Gods,” Faith Hope and Worship (Leiden, 1981). LCL Loeb Classical Library. PCG R. Kassel and C. Austin, Poetae Comici Graeci (Berlin, 1983). PMG D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graecae (Oxford, 1967). SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. WMH H. Lane, When the Mind Hears (New York, 1985). RT3340X_C002.indd 31 RT3340X_C002.indd 31 7/11/2006 9:39:05 AM 7/11/2006 9:39:05 AM RT3340X_C002.indd 32 RT3340X_C002.indd 32 7/11/2006 9:39:05 AM 7/11/2006 9:39:05 AM 33 3 “A Silent Exile on This Earth” The Metaphorical Construction of Deafness in the Nineteenth Century Douglas Baynton Deafness is a cultural construction as well as a physical phenomenon. Th e diff erence between the hearing and the deaf is typically construed as simply a matter of audiology. For most hearing people, this is the common sense of the matter—the diff erence between the deaf and the hearing is that the deaf cannot hear. Th e result is that the relationship between the deaf and the hearing appears solely as a natural one. Th e meanings of “hearing” and “deaf ” are not transparent, however. As with gender, age, race, and other such categories, physical diff erence is involved, but physical diff erences do not carry inherent meanings. Th ey must be interpreted and cannot be apprehended apart from a culturally created web of meaning. Th e meaning of deafness is contested, although most hearing and many deaf people are not aware that it is contested, and it changes over time. It has, that is to say, a history. 1 Th e meaning of deafness changed during the course of the nineteenth century for educators of the deaf, and the kind of education deaf people received changed along with it. Until the 1860s, deafness was most oft en described as an affl iction that isolated the individual from the Christian community. Its tragedy was that deaf people lived beyond the reach of the gospel. Aft er the 1860s, deafness was redefi ned as a condition that isolated people from the national community. Deaf people were cut off from the English-speaking American culture, and that was the tragedy. Th e remedies proff ered for each of these kinds of isolation were dramatically diff erent. During the early and middle decades of the nineteenth century, sign language was a widely used and respected language among educators at schools for the deaf. By the end of the century it was widely condemned and banished from many classrooms. In short, sign language was compatible with the former construction of deafness, but not with the latter. Schools for deaf people were fi rst established in the United States by Evangelical Protestant reform- ers during the Second Great Awakening. Th ey learned sign language, much as other missionaries of the time learned Native American or African languages, and organized schools where deaf people could be brought together and given a Christian education. Th e fi rst school, the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, Connecticut, was founded in 1817 by the Reverend Th omas H. Gallaudet, with a young deaf man from Paris, Laurent Clerc, as his head teacher. With the creation of this residential school, and the others which soon followed, the deaf in the United States may be said to have become the Deaf; that is, hearing-impaired individuals became a cultural and linguistic community. 2 To be sure, wherever suffi cient numbers of deaf people have congregated, a distinctive community has come into existence—we know of one such community in eighteenth-century Paris. 3 Th ese early schools, however, gathered together larger numbers of deaf people than ever before, most of them in adolescence, placed them in a communal living situation, and taught them formally not only about the world but also about themselves. Th ose from small towns and the countryside—the majority—met other deaf people for the fi rst time and learned, also for the fi rst time, how to communicate beyond the level of pantomime and gesture. Th ey RT3340X_C003.indd 33 RT3340X_C003.indd 33 7/11/2006 9:32:15 AM 7/11/2006 9:32:15 AM
Douglas Baynton 34 encountered the surprising knowledge that they had a history and an identity shared by many oth- ers. Embracing a common language and common experience, they began to create an American deaf community. 4 Beginning in the 1860s and continuing into the twentieth century, another group of reformers sought to unmake that community and culture. Central to that project was a campaign to eliminate the use of sign language in the classroom (referred to in the nineteenth century as the philosophy of “manualism”) and replace it with the exclusive use of lip-reading and speech (known as “oralism”). Download 5.02 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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