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Defense Against Network Attack
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21.4 Defense Against Network Attack
667 It is an initialisation weakness in the RC4 stream cipher that interacts with the way in which WEP set up its initialization vectors [479]; in short order, Adam Stubblefield, John Ioannidis and Avi Rubin turned this into a working attack on WEP [1230]. Vendors bodged up their products so they would not use the specific weak keys exploited in the initial attack programs; later programs used a wider range of weak keys, and the attacks steadily improved. The history of the attack evolution is told in [993]; the latest attack, by Erik Tews, Ralf-Philipp Weinmann and Andrei Pyshkin, recovers 95% of all keys within 85,000 packets [1245]. Now there are publicly-available tools that will extract WEP keys after observing a few minutes’ traffic. Stronger encryption systems, known as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), aim to solve this problem and are available on most new products. WPA shipped in 2003, and was an intermediate solution that still uses RC4. WPA2 shipped in 2004; it is also called the Robust Security Network (RSN) and uses the AES block cipher in counter mode with CBC-MAC. Within a few years, as older machines become obsolete, WPA2 should solve the cipher security problem. So what are we to make of WiFi security? There has been a lot of noise in the press about how people should set passwords on their home routers, in case a bad man stops outside your house and uses your network to download child porn. However, a straw poll of security exports at WEIS 2006 showed that most did not bother to encrypt their home networks; drive-by downloads are a fairly remote threat. For most people in the UK or America, it’s just convenient to have an open network for your guests to use, and so that you and your neighbours can use each others’ networks as backups. Things are different in countries where you pay for download bandwidth; there, home router passwords are mostly set. Things are different for businesses because of the possibility of targeted attacks. If you use a Windows machine with Windows shares open, then someone on your LAN can probably use that to infect you with malware. A random home owner may not be at much risk — with botnets trading at about a dollar a machine, it’s not worth someone’s while to drive around town infecting machines by hand. But if you’re a high-value target, than the odds change significantly. In March 2007, retail chain TJ Maxx reported that some 45.7 million credit card numbers had been stolen from its systems; these card numbers largely related to sales in 2003 and 2004, and had been stolen from 2005 but discovered only in December 2006. The Wall Street Journal reported that an insecure WiFi connection in St Paul, Mn., was to blame [1014]; the company’s SEC filing about the incident is at [1252], and the Canadian Privacy Commissioner concluded that ‘The company collected too much personal information, kept it too long and relied on weak encryption technology to protect it — putting the privacy of millions of its customers at risk’ [1047]. Banks sued the company, with VISA claiming fraud losses of over $68m from the compromise of 65 million accounts; the banks eventually |
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