Rus va ingliz tillari kafedrasi roman-german filologiyasiga kirish

Verbs 
The form of the verb indicates: 
- The person (1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
) and the number (singular, dual, plural) A personal 
pronoun is used when needed for emphasis or contrast. I n other cases Gothic suffice 
with the verb on its own. 
- The mood: Gothic uses the indicative, imperative and subjunctive. 
- The tense: There are only two forms, the present tense for the present and 
future, and the preterite for the past tenses (there are as yet no analytical compound 
verb forms such as "have done"). The preterite can be formed in various ways: 
a) by a vowel change (strong verbs) - this method goes as far back as Indo- 
European. 
b) by adding a dental suffix (weak verbs) with the sounds /d/ (as in English 
then) or f'p/ (as in English thin). Weak verbs are an innovation of the Germanc 
languages. 
c) by reduplication, eg sleep: slEpan - salslep - salslepum). Strong and weak 
verbs are a typical feature of all modern Germanc languages. (See also 
characterization of the Germanc language family) 
- active and passive: there are active and passive verb forms except for the 
passive preterite which is expressed by means of a different verb (wisan = 'to be' or 
wairpan = 'become') and a perfect participle (eg daupips was = 'he was baptised'). 
Here we can see the beginnings of the development from a synthetic to an analytical 
language, which is typical of all West-Germanc languages. (see also Middle Dutch 
verbs). The principal developments from a language state with these features to the 

---

97 
modern West-Germanc languages are the erosion of the differences between the 
stems of the nouns as a result of the heavy initial stress (see also loss of inflection in 
Middle Dutch), and the development towards an increasingly analytical language, the 
early stages of which we see in the formation of the passive preterite.