Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
Download 3.5 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
NASA Astronaut Mir Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Training as part of a Group ± Phase 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Training as part of a Crew ± Phase 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Mir Systems and Soyuz TM technical training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Training in the Soyuz TM Integrated simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Astronaut training for Mir Orbital Complex simulator and system mock-ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Astronaut training for the Mir Science Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Astronaut comments on training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Learning New Lessons from Shuttle-Mir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 International Space Station Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 ISS Training Group created . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 ISS Offices in Houston and Moscow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 ISS General Training flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 ISS Expedition training ± an insight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Taxis and Tourists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Table of Contents xi
Paying for the pleasure ± Space Flight Tourist Cosmonauts . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Future Cosmonaut Training for ISS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 ZVYOZDNYY GORODOK ± THE TOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Star City is Born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 The House of Cosmonauts and the Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 A Monument to Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 A town is created . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Appendix 1 Biographies of Key Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Appendix 2 Current Deployment of the Russian Cosmonaut Team . . . . . . . 337 Appendix 3 The Volga Stratospheric Balloon Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Appendix 4 Soviet/Russian International Manned Space Flights . . . . . . . . . 345 Appendix 5 The Full GMVK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Appendix 6 The Cosmonaut Team 1960-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 xii Table of Contents Foreword I was always proud and I am proud at present of what we created 45 years ago in the woods, 25 kilometres to the North East of Moscow. Being selected into the cosmonaut team in March 1960, I did not realise that the next 30 years of my life would be dedicated to the exploration of outer space, including duties of the Deputy Chief of the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for my friend and colleague Yuri Gagarin and training the new generation of cosmonauts for future space missions. I Cosmonaut Major-General Aleksey Leonov in his study in the Cosmonaut Training Centre. Note the model of the planned extensions for the training centre and Star City behind him have lived in and worked close to the centre here, so I am the representative of the generation having the right to be called the pioneers of space. We created a unique facility, meeting the demands of the training of space flyers that would spend years in orbit, capable of controlling and managing complicated space vehicles to conduct and carry out various scientific research and experiments. To solve all those tasks they created a highly skilled team who found ways of selecting and training people in all aspects of their life, capable of enduring the load both physical and psychological, and to neutralise negative influences of space flight factors. I and my colleagues of the Gagarin selection were the first to test and obtain the unique training skills, sharing them with the following generations. New demands of space missions needed new approaches to training technology for space missions, many of them became the unique ones. As well as the Yuri Gagarin Training Centre, we have created a community including the secondary school named after V. Komarov, the house of cosmonauts, shops, homes and recreation facilities for all ages. Our cosmonaut training centre has bound all of us together forever in a way which we could not have expected 45 years ago, when the first manned mission was performed. I am glad that this book has been written and it represents fundamental hard work in history, research development of the center and dedicated to the founders of the centre and the inhabitants of Zvyozdnyy Gorodok. Major-General of Aviation Aleksey A Leonov Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Pilot cosmonaut of the Soviet Union 1965 Cosmonaut 1960 to 1975 flying 2 missions, Voshkod 2 and Soyuz-Apollo First Deputy Director for Pilot and Space Training of the centre named for Yuri Gagarin 1975±1991 xiv Foreword
Foreword xv Authors' preface This book is about the training and selection of Russia's cosmonauts. The story is mainly about the training centre created outside Moscow at Star City, but this was not where the team initially reported or started training. The dream of human space exploration started somewhere which is now neither marked or recognised, except by those of the first selection and those who trained them. In the grounds of the Central Army Sports Club is a neglected, light yellow building, located on the Leningradskiy prospect near modern blocks of flats and a sports complex. It was here, on 14 March 1960, that the first Soviet cosmonaut team reported to start training for their world-changing missions. The building was a two- storey construction. On the ground floor were the headquarters and the classrooms where they studied space theory, mechanics and medicine. On the second floor was a lecture theatre in which they had lectures, but also party meetings, political conferences and entertainment. It was here that they were introduced to the specialists who would mould the team into cosmonauts, and their first lessons showed that they had very little knowledge of space flight or what it would mean. They met Colonel Nikolay Nikitin, who would teach them parachute jumping, and heard lectures from some of the most qualified engineers within the space program. Academician Oleg Gazenko, the founder of the theory of space physiology, explained to them the effects of space on human organisms, but he also explained what it was like to live in Moscow, which for most was a new experience. The cosmonauts also used the sports facilities, such as the swimming pool, gymnasium, and a roofed shed where they played basketball and football. It is probably here that they considered that their first set of lectures had been dull and very difficult to grasp. When Sergey Korolyov heard this, he drafted in many of his young engineers to make the lectures relate to the work being undertaken within his bureau. They included prospective future cosmonauts such as Oleg Makarov and Vitaliy Sevastyanov. A major part of their training was the ideological education. Yuri Gagarin was accepted as a member of the Communist Party (and German Titov as a candidate) at some of the early meetings. This reflected the very high priority given to the goal of putting a man in space. During this time they did do a lot of training away from this site, but it was practical or medical such as parachute training, weightless flights in an aircraft, medical testing and similar activities. Eventually, in July 1960, the team moved closer to its permanent base at Star City. While this book focuses on the Cosmonaut Training Centre (TsPK), it is worth reviewing the Russian approach to spaceflight training and how this has evolved throughout almost 50 years of operations. The training philosophy for Vostok missions was to select a small group from the twenty candidates and focus their training on specific missions, with the final prime and back-up pilots being assigned shortly before the mission. The back-up could replace the prime crewmember if called upon to do so, or would utilise this experience to rotate to a prime slot on a subsequent mission, taking advantage of the training he had already undergone. Of course, the only time this role could not be developed was for the first flight, when a rookie cosmonaut had to be selected to take that very first step into space. Others in this training group would support the flight and hope to secure a mission of their own. When not flying, the cosmonauts, like American astronauts, would fill a range of support roles in planning and developing new missions, flight hardware, systems and experiments. Unlike the Americans, these background roles often went unrecognised and, in many cases, never led to a flight assignment. The Vostok training group philosophy has continued throughout the history of Soviet and Russian manned spaceflight into the present operations on ISS. While there have been fifteen selections of Air Force candidates for spaceflight training (mostly pilots) and a number of `engineer' selections, there have been very few `scientist' selections. In contrast, NASA has selected five pilot groups, two scientist groups (all in the 1960s) and twelve mixed groups of pilots and mission specialists for the Shuttle programme. Both the US and Russia have selected candidates for specific flights, experiments or objectives, who have then returned to their previous careers after the mission. The Russians have also selected a cadre of highly experience pilots for the cancelled Buran programme. From the 1960s to the 1980s, both the Soviets and the Americans also selected spaceflight candidates for classified military programmes with strategic objectives, but these never materialised to their full potential. It will be interesting to see how the pattern of cosmonaut selection continues in the future. In the early years, training on Vostok was limited because the vehicle was essentially an automated one. Their training really focused on survival and emergency procedures, habitability and a few scientific experiments or observations. A new training element entered the programme for Voskhod 2; that of spacewalking, or EVA. By contrast, the American astronauts fought hard to be allowed to fly and control the spacecraft wherever possible, and the scientific experiments were not always met with enthusiasm. With the introduction of Soyuz, the Soviets had to train their crews in the art of rendezvous and docking and, with the creation of a manned lunar programme, training for landing on the Moon, deploying experiments and collecting lunar samples would have been included in any mission preparation. Since the manned lunar programme was terminated prior to any crews participating, however, it is not clear just how much `lunar surface training' the cosmonauts xviii Authors' preface received. Several references indicate that the cosmonauts were undergoing helicopter training in the 1960s, and this was linked to the fact that Apollo landing crews also took helicopter training as part of their preparations. But there is no evidence of geological field trips by cosmonauts comparable to those undertaken by the Americans from 1962/63 to 1972. When the space station programme was formed, with the prospect of long flights and participation in scientific, engineering, technological and military experiments, a new training philosophy had to be incorporated into the programme. For Buran, experienced test pilots were initially assigned to support the development of the programme and its early orbital flights, but the programme was cancelled after only a single unmanned orbital test flight. It is not clear exactly how the Buran training and crewing philosophy would have worked, but it may have resembled the NASA Shuttle programme (where mission training takes about twelve months). This would have meant pilots `flying' the vehicle, engineers assigned to `missions specialist' roles such as satellite retrieval and deployment and EVA, and probably one-flight specialists to work with a specific `payload' or experiment. New cosmonauts complete a period of basic training lasting up to two years, which includes a programme of academic work in space sciences, rocketry and space navigation, plus life support, survival and wilderness training, environmental training in isolation, stress and weightless simulations (such as parabolic aircraft and water tanks) and a vast programme of medical and psychological testing and training. As most crews since 1971 have been assigned to space station missions, this is by far the largest programme in Russian manned spaceflight, and the Russians have become masters at preparing crews. Psychological issues and crew compatibility are high on the training syllabus and are instrumental in the final selection and assignment of each crewmember. Training for a flight to a space station includes medical and physical training to ensure the cosmonaut's body can withstand launch, long duration flight, landing and post-flight recovery. Technical training is conducted in a fleet of `flying laboratories' ± aircraft fitted out to simulate various degrees of gravity ± and EVA training is conducted in the water tank and in 1-g facilities. They practice both nominal and non-standard situations in 1-g simulators and mock-ups of parts of their mission; prepare for contingency operations on the launch pad by evacuating the spacecraft or simulating a launch abort; undergo survival training and recovery by helicopter from remote wilderness or water landings; work on flight documentation and flight plans; practice using their pressure suits (Sokol and Orlan); run through unpacking, stowing and activating equipment, experiments and stores; become familiar with crew systems (waste management, personal clothing, food and hygiene facilities), life support and space station control systems; test emergency procedures, radio and communications gear and photographic equipment; study the night sky and the theory of spaceflight; and work with mission controllers to plan daily activities, physical exercise programmes, communications, and data gathering and reporting. To achieve all of this successfully and safely, a wide range of facilities, procedures and equipment has been developed over the years to support each flight into space. Authors' preface xix The success of the Soviet/Russian manned space station programme was built upon foundations laid at TsPK. Further insight into cosmonaut mission training can be gleaned from accounts of specific programmes and from some of the international cosmonauts, who have helped generate a broader understanding of a once-secret facility, one that still remains restricted to western visitors. In 2004, the Americans changed the direction of their future space programme by announcing the retirement of the Shuttle, the inauguration of a new Crew Exploration Vehicle, completion of human spaceflight research on ISS, and a return to the Moon, all in support of a possible human mission to Mars by 2030. In Russia, this was greeted with disappointment and frustration. It revitalised calls for a new Russian domestic space station programme, the replacement of Soyuz with a more capable and versatile vehicle, and reigniting the dreams of Tsiolkovskiy, Korolyov and others of placing cosmonauts on the Moon and on Mars. It is clear that, despite numerous and significant difficulties with finance and maintenance, TsPK will feature prominently in any national programme as a training facility for Russian cosmonauts, while still retaining the international links to secure not only cooperation, but also much needed funding. It is clear that, despite over 40 years of use, the full potential of TsPK is still to be realised, and its potential for expansion remains a possibility with support and funding. As pioneers of the Russian manned space programme, Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy, Sergey Korolyov, Yuri Gagarin and the events of the 1957-1965 period have become legends in spaceflight history. The success of what followed those pioneering years has to be credited to the staff and facilities of one of the world's leading space training facilities ± the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for Yu. A. Gagarin. Rex D. Hall David J. Shayler Bert Vis London
Halesowen Den Haag
England West Midlands The Netherlands England
www.astroinfoservice.co.uk April 2005 xx Authors' preface
Acknowledgements This book is a cooperative project by three authors with a long association with the study of the Soviet/Russian cosmonaut team, their training, flight assignments and career accomplishments. Central to this research is understanding the departments and operation of the Cosmonaut Training Centre (TsPK) near Moscow, and initial thanks should be given to those who work behind the scenes, without recognition, ensuring that each Russian crew is trained to their peak at the point they leave Earth. At TsPK, we acknowledge the assistance of Colonel-General Pyotr I. Klimuk and Lieutenant-General Vasiliy V. Tsibliyev, whose help over many years has been much appreciated. Our special thanks also go to Major-General Valeriy G. Korzun and his staff, who arranged a tour of the facilities that is not usually available to non-space agency personnel; the Director and staff of the Museum of the Cosmonaut Training Centre, who arranged a number of interviews with the staff of the Centre; and the large number of former and current cosmonauts who have given us their time and knowledge freely over many years. We particularly acknowledge Ivan Kolotov, Lev Vorobyov, Gennadiy Kolesnikov and Sergey Gaydukov for their friendship, help and encouragement. We would also like to thank the staff at IMBP, under the direction of Dr Valeriy G. Polyakov, who showed us the facilities that have supported human flights for 40 years during a number of visits to the bureau. Though this is a book on the training of Russian cosmonauts, considerable information has been obtained from the archives of NASA, primarily the JSC history collection (ASTP, Shuttle-Mir) at the University of Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, and the Public Affairs Office at JSC. In addition, the PAO staff of NASA JSC were helpful in giving access to their Contact Files during several research trips about Shuttle missions. Special thanks should go to John Charles, David Portree and to Media Services Corp. at NASA JSC. Thanks, also, to the staff of ESA public affairs, who assisted with information requests. Thanks is due to the ongoing research of fellow Russian space watchers: Colin Burgess, Mike Cassutt, Phil Clark, Brian Harvey, Bart Hendrickx, Gordon Hooper, Neville Kidger, James Oberg, Andy Salmon, Lida Shkorkina and Natalya Talanov. Appreciation is due to the Council and Staff of the British Interplanetary Society for access to their library and photo archive. Photos have also been loaned and used with permission by Tim Furniss, Daniel Tromeur and Cap Espace. We would also like to thank Mark Shuttleworth for the use of photographs from his website; Eduard Buinovskiy for access to his personal photo archive; former NASA astronauts who have provided insight into the American experiences of training at TsPK and flying joint missions over the years; and to many astronauts from various countries, who have assisted us with interviews and insights into their training in Russia and work with their Russian colleagues. Thanks are due to Major-General Aleksey Leonov for his Foreword and to Elena Esina, curator of the museum in the House of Cosmonauts at Star City. We also acknowledge the staff and work of Novosti Kosmonavtiki, Russia's leading magazine on space exploration, who also provided a number of pictures used in this book. Special thanks go to our project editor Mike Shayler for hours of extra effort in preparing the illustrations and text for publication, and to Clive Horwood and the staff of Praxis for their continued support and encouragement of a protracted project. We must thank Jim Wilkie for his cover design and Arthur and Tina Foulser at BookEns for typesetting. This book is the companion to the earlier works in this series The Rocket Men (2001) and Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (2003) by Rex Hall and Dave Shayler, and to numerous articles by all three authors in the publications of the British Interplanetary Society and via Astro Info Service Publications. The research for this book forms part of a long and ongoing programme of research encompassing these other works. xxii Acknowledgements
|
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling