Sahifa 1 Radioaktivlik, radionuklidlar va nurlanish


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1 Бекман Игорь. перевод

8-sahifa

7. O'zaro ta'sirlarning kimyoviy ta'sirlari

Radiatsiyani modda bilan ionlash ....................... 151

7.1 Ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishning kimyoviy ta'siri .......................... 151

7.2 Radiatsion kimyoda dozimetriya ............................................. ....... 155

7.3. Radioliz jarayonlari ................................................ .............................. 158

8. I D E RN Y E R E A K C I ................................... ......................................... 171

8.1 Yadroviy o'zaro ta'sirlar ............................................... ......................... 171

8.2 Yadro reaktsiyasining kinetikasi va rentabelligi ............................................ ........ 173

8.3. Neytronlar ishtirokidagi yadro reaktsiyalari .......................................... 178

8.4. Zaryadlangan zarrachalar ishtirokidagi yadro reaktsiyalari ......................... 191

8.5. Fotonadroviy reaktsiyalar ................................................ ............................ 198

8.6 Yadro sintezi reaktsiyalari .............................................. ......................... 200

9. Ionlashtiruvchi radiatsiyani o'lchash .......................... 203

9.1 Ionizatsiya detektorlari ............................................... ...................... 203

9.2 Ionizatsiya turidagi gaz bilan to'ldirilgan detektorlar ....................... 203

9.3 Ionlash kamerasi ............................................... ............................ 207

9.4 Proportional hisoblagich ............................................... .................. 210

9.5 Geyger-Myuller hisoblagichi ............................................. ........................ 211

9.6. Cherenkov detektori ................................................ .......................... 214

9.7 Stsintilyatsiya hisoblagichlari ............................................... ................ 215

9.8 Yarimo'tkazgichli detektorlar ............................................... ............. 219

9.9 Kristall detektorlari ............................................... .................. 221

9.10. Tasodif va tasodifiylik usuli ......................................... 222

9.11 Ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishning spektroskopiyasi ..................................... 223

9.12 Dielektrik detektorlari ............................................... ................. 228

9.13 Avtoradiografiya ................................................ ................................... 228

9.14 Kimyoviy usullar ............................................... ............................... 231

10. RADIOMETRIYA ............................................... ....................................... 233

10.1 Radioaktiv preparatlar ............................................... .................... 233

10.2. Preparatlarning radioaktivligini o'lchash ......................................... 237

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10.3 Mutlaq va nisbiy radioaktivlikni aniqlash ... 241

10.4 Gaz radiometriyasi ............................................... ................................... 249

11. Radiatsiyaning biologik ta'sirlari ............................. 257

11.1. Radiobiologiya ................................................. ...................................... 257

11.2 Radiatsion shikastlanishlar ............................................... ................................ 259

11.3 Ta'sir ta'sirining tasnifi .......................................... 268

11.4 Radiatsiya kasalligi ............................................... ....................................... 270

11.5 Onkologik kasalliklar ............................................... ............... 273

11.6 Nurlanish paytida genetik o'zgarishlar ......................................... 275

11.7 Radiatsion hormesis ............................................... ........................ 276

11.8 Radiobiologik ta'sirlarni boshqarish ................................. 278

12. Radiatsiya dozasi .............................................. ........................ 283

12.1. Jismoniy doz ............................................. ....................................... 283

12.2. Biologik doz ................................................ ............................... 290

12.3 Tananing tashqi nurlanishida dozalash ........................................ 296

12.4 Ichki nurlanish uchun ekvivalent doz ........................... 303

12.5 D-nurlanishdan himoya qilish ............................................ .............................. 307

13. Radiatsiya xavfsizligi .............................................. 311

13.1. Ba'zi tushunchalarning ta'rifi ............................................... ...... 311

13.2 Radiatsion xavfsizlikning tamoyillari va vazifalari ............................. 313

13.3 Radiatsiya bo'yicha xalqaro tashkilotlar

xavfsizlik ................................................. .................................................. ..316

13.4 Rossiyaning radiatsiya xavfsizligi .............................................. .... 318

14. Natija natijalarini statistik qayta ishlash ................... 333

14.1 Matematik statistika ............................................... ................. 333

14.2 Natijalarni statistik qayta ishlashga misollar

o'lchovlar ................................................. .................................................. ....... 352

15. RADIOAKTIV ELEMANLAR .............................................. ....... 359

15.1 Technetium ................................................ .................................................. 359

15.2 Radon ................................................ .................................................. ........ 366

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15.3 R a d i n ............................................ .................................................. ............ 373

15.4 T o r va y ............................................ .................................................. ........... 381

15.5 U r va n ............................................. .................................................. ............ 391

15.6 N o f t u n y ......................................... .................................................. ....... 411

15.7 Plutoniy ................................................ .................................................. 421

15.8 A m e rits va y ......................................... .................................................. ...... 446

15.9 Valyuta ............................................ .................................................. .......... 450

16. Izotoplar ............................................... .................................................. .453

16.1 Izotop ishlab chiqarish ............................................... ......................... 453

16.2 Izotopik tarkibni tahlil qilish .............................................. ................... 467

16.3 Radioaktiv izotoplar ............................................... ....................... 470

16.3.1 Tritiy .............................................. .................................................. ... 471

16.3.2 Uglerod-14 ............................................ ................................................ 477

16.3.3 Fosfor-32 va fosfor-33 ........................................ ............................. 483

16.3.4 Oltingugurt-35 ............................................ .................................................. .... 485

16.3.5 Yod-125 va yod-131 ........................................ ...................................... 486

16.3.6 Kaliy-40 va kaliy-42 ........................................ .................................. 488

16.3.7 Stronsiy-89 va stronsiy-90 ........................................ ..................... 489

16.3.8 Seziy-137 ............................................ .................................................. 492

Tavsiya etilgan adabiyot ................................................ .497

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MUQADDIMA

Universitet o'quv jarayoni nuqtai nazaridan,

"Radioaktivlik, radionuklidlar va nurlanish" o'quv qo'llanmasi mavjud

taqdim etilgan materialni tushunish uchun zarur bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni yashaydi

keyingi ma'ruza kurslarida: "Yadro fizikasi" "Radiokimyo",

"Yadro sanoati", "Radiatsion kimyo", "Yadro kimyosi", "Ra

dioekologiya "," Yadro tibbiyoti "va boshqalar. Ammo kitobdan foydalanish mumkin

har qanday ta'lim jarayoni bilan bog'liq bo'lgan har qanday aloqani o'chirib qo'ying va tavsiya eting

radioaktivlik hodisasi va muammolari bilan qiziqqan har bir kishiga berish,

radionuklidlar va unga bog'liq bo'lgan IO bilan ishlashdan kelib chiqadi

pasayayotgan nurlanish.

Tavsiya etilgan o'quv qo'llanmada

radiokimyo muammolarini hal qilish bilan bog'liq ravishda yadro fizikasi xonalari va

radiatsiya kimyosi. Yadrolarning xususiyatlari kabi jihatlar,

radioaktivlik hodisasi, parchalanish kinetikasi va radionukula to'planishi

dov, yadro reaktsiyalari, radioaktiv nurlanish manbalari, xususiyatlari

nurlanishning har xil turlari, nurlanishning o'zaro ta'siri jarayonlari

jamiyat, radioaktiv izotoplarni olish usullari, yadro

ba'zi ra ning fizik, kimyoviy va toksikologik xususiyatlari

dioaktiv elementlar va ba'zi muhim radioaktiv izotoplar

barqaror elementlar, radioaktiv nurlanishni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish usullari va

qattiq, suyuq va gazsimon radioaktivlikni o'lchash usullari

giyohvand moddalar. Radiatsiyaning biologik ta'siri to'g'risida ma'lumot beradi,

radiatsion dozimetriya usullari va xavfsizlik texnikasi qoidalari

radionuklidlar bilan ishlashda xavf. Yakuniy qismida

biya, natijalarini statistik qayta ishlashning asosiy usullari

diometrik o'lchovlar.

O'quv qo'llanmasi yigirmadan ortiq ma'ruzalar materiallari asosida yozilgan

muallif tomonidan kimyo fakulteti radiokimyo kafedrasida o'qigan yillari

Lomonosov nomidagi Moskva davlat universiteti.

* _ * _ *

Muallif E.M.Bekmandan minnatdor. va Buntseva I.M. per

doimiy yordam va qo'llab-quvvatlash.

* - * - *

Izoh. Kitobda tushunchalar va ma'lumotlarning ba'zi ta'riflari

ma'lumotlar "Fizikaviy Entsiklopediya" dan ("Sovet" nashriyoti) olingan

ensiklopediya "(M. 1988 ^ 1999 gg., tahr. Proxorov)," Kimyoviy ensiklopediya

lopediya "(tahr." Sovet entsiklopediyasi ", M., 1988 ^ 1998, edu Knu

nyants va Zefirov) va Vikipediya (bepul ensiklopediya,

http: //ru.wikipedia. org / wiki).

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