Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti ingliz tili II fakulteti ingliz tili nazariyasi va adabiyoti kafedrasi

Seminar o’quv materiallari
III semestr
Seminar 1 : Introduction to the subject ”Oratory and speech culture”


Aim: To acquaint students with theories of oratory techniques applicable to their own learning and teaching situations


Objectives: By the end of the course students will
• obtain an overview of key issues and research findings in oratory discussions and the ideas of the course to their thoughts and experiences both as learners and future teachers
• reflect on their own language learning processes by linking theories of oratory with practical experience
The aim of this paper is to give you a brief overview of the main things to think about when it comes to public speaking. It includes the definition borrowed from Wikipedia, a few useful tips, an illustration of the different type of
presentations, and a 10 point list of how one can ruin a presentation. Despite being a seasoned public speaker myself I have to admit that some of the simple steps
discussed hereinafter is something that I should adhere to more diligently myself
and, more importantly should help make public speaking better experience – for both you and your audience
Public speaking is the process and act of speaking or giving a lecture to a group
of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain a listening audience. Public speaking is commonly understood as face-to-face speaking between individuals and an audience for the purpose of communication. It is closely allied to “presenting”, although the latter is more often associated with commercial activity. Most of the time, public speaking is to
persuade the audience .
Presentation format
Before you start planning your presentation, find out from the organizers how much time you have and what format they envision for your talk.
Will you be part of a panel or will you be speaking alone? Will you be in a regular session or are you the dinner speaker? Do you have 15 minutes or an hour?
Do they prefer to leave time for questions? If yes, does that come out of the allocated time you have been quoted? It is important to know what is expected of you so you can be well prepared and not have to scramble last minute to readjust your talk due to unanticipated logistics.
Know your audience
Get information about who will be attending your presentation. Are all participants experts at the topic or will there be novices present? Is there a mixed group of people representing different backgrounds or is everyone on the same page regarding technicalities? Depending on the audience, you will have to spend some time giving varying degrees of background on the material and explaining certain concepts.
Any of these can distract your listeners from what you are saying. A second kind of interference is internal and comes from within your audience rather than from the outside. Perhaps one of your listeners has a bad mosquito bite or a patch of poison ivy. She may be so distracted by the itch that she doesn’t pay attention to our speech. Another listener could be worrying about a test coming up in the next class period. Yet another could be brooding about an argument he had with his girlfriend. As a speaker, you must try to hold your listeners’ attention despite these various kinds of interference. The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs. Conversation always takes place in a certain situation. Sometimes the situation helps – as when you propose marriage over an intimate candlelight dinner. Other times it may hurt – as when you try to speak words of love in competition with a blaring stereo. When you have to talk with someone about a touchy issue, you usually wait until the situation is just right. Public speakers must also be alert to the situation. Certain occasions funerals, church services, graduation ceremonies – require certain kinds of speeches. Physical setting is also important. It makes a great deal of difference whether speech is presented indoors or out, in a small classroom or in a gymnasium, to a densely packed crowd or to a handful of scattered souls. When you adjust to the situation of a public speech, you are only doing on a larger scale what you do every day in conversation.
Public Speaking Techniques
Public speaking is the art of speaking to a group of people in a structured manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the audience. Most careers will require that you give presentations or deliver speeches. But for many people, public speaking is at best a chore marked by great anxiety and at worst a potential career stopper. Speaking in public is one of the most feared activities. Public speaking can be a downright terrifying experience, and few have the training and confidence required to overcome the fear of public speaking and connect with an audience. The reluctance to get up in front of an audience is often a major impediment to career advancement. Mastering the art of public speaking will boost your confidence and give you a competitive edge. The following public speaking tips will help you learn about the common causes of speaking anxiety and overcome stage fright. The articles herein provide information on public speaking techniques to help in overcoming fear of public speaking, acquiring confident speaking skills and improving your presentation skills. Readers will learn techniques to develop confidence, express ideas with authority, and communicate with charisma to influence and win over an audience.
Knowledge is Power Scientology is the Study of Knowledge. Know Yourself. The importance of mastering public speaking techniques to address audiences effectively and powerfully has been an issue since the beginnings of recorded history. The Bible's Old Testament makes no bones about the fact that the most influential prophets and leaders were those who could sway their audiences verbally. Throughout history, oratory skills have repeatedly proved to the decisive factor that turns the tide of public opinion. The Powerful oratory skills of many leaders have won wars, averted mass panic and saved companies from financial disaster.
Successful public speaking involves more than just choosing the right words (though this is certainly an important factor). Effective public speaking techniques include establishing a rapport and relationship with the audience in many different ways. Most of us have to overcome an initial fear of speaking in public (technically known as 'glossophobia' or 'stage fright). When an audience senses this fear in a speaker, it tends to shut him or her out for that reason alone. Fear of public speaking has visible manifestations that any audience can pick up immediately. These include: Shuffling from foot to foot • Not knowing what to do with one's hands • Stuttering and stumbling over words • Speaking too fast • Not looking at the audience while speaking • Referring to written notes too many times • Clearing one's throat repeatedly
These are reactions to public speaking that each of us experiences to begin with. Overcoming them is a matter of practice and rising confidence levels. There is no shortcut or easier, softer option. In mastering public speaking techniques, we must stand a trial by fire. It is very similar to learning to ride a horse or bicycle. If we fall off, we must immediately get on again. Failing to face one's fears in the public speaking arena will reinforce the fear. The result could be a permanent aversion to public speaking.
The most effective public speakers make their audience comfortable in subtle, calculated ways. These ways soon become second nature as the public speaker's confidence levels rise. Among the most useful techniques is the use of humor. Cracking a joke - preferably at one's own expense - is a sure-fire means of warming up an audience. This is why orators who use humor are more effective than the serious, lecturing types.
Why Is Public Speaking Important?
Don't ever make the mistake of thinking that public speaking isn't important. It would be as silly as saying that you'll never need algebra or geometry in your life. Of course these things are important! And if you think public speaking is important only in obscure or abstract ways, it's time to think again. Indeed, learning how to become an effective public speaker can be the key difference between success and failure in your life at home, at work and in your own community!
But, despite this fact, people are always asking themselves and others, "Why is public speaking important? Why do I need it? What's the use? What's the purpose?" This article is designed to answer those questions and help you to put the importance of public speaking in the right perspective! There are a multitude of reasons that public speaking is important. Take a good look at the handful of them we've collected for you and then ask yourself why you think public speaking is so vital to society. By learning how to effectively speak in public, you'll be able to increase your own self-confidence. Since public speaking is one of the most prevalent fears in the western world, by enabling yourself to master this difficult skill you'll have the confidence that you need to meet and greet future challenges.
Public speaking regularly (and well) helps to make you more comfortable around other people, including strangers. Once you're capable of greeting and instructing an entire room full of strangers (or at least most of them strangers), it'll be nothing to smile and shake hands and meet new individuals in more personal and less threatening circumstances.Public speaking will help fine-tine your everyday verbal and non-verbal communication skills. This is especially true for people who spend a great deal of time working with the written word, and have forgotten how to properly vocalize their messages to get their points across best.
It's important because at some point in life, just about everyone will be required to involve themselves in one type of public speaking or another. Accepting this fact quickly and preparing for it accordingly will help you wind up a step ahead of your competition at work, home and around town!
For obvious reasons, the ability to dive into public speaking and related communication skills are a big winner among prospective employers, and are also a great way to snag that promotion you've been awaiting for such a long time. Public speaking ability is a true career booster. In fact, both undergraduate and graduate Business school alumni who attended the University of Minnesota placed oral communication at the top of a list of skills that were relevant to overall job success.
Using public speaking effectively will allow you to make a difference in your business, community and perhaps even the world. By sharing your information with others, you're better able to increase the impact of your hopes, dreams, desires and goals for your life and the world around you.
Because by the time you've learned to embody the importance of public speaking, you'll have learned another key principle. We can better persuade people when we are able to appeal to them as human beings that have emotions, desires and thoughts just like we do. This is the difference between distinguishing between simple an audience of bosses, employees or clients and transforming them in your mind into people with real problems, hopes, fears, dreams and desires.
Using public speaking to get your message across is a great way to humanize it, regardless of what that message may be!
Public speaking is often a powerful way to make a good impression on others and to help bridge gaps in understanding, cooperation and set goals and objectives. The skills you'll glean by learning the art of public speaking can boost your performance and value in just about any arena - home, office or life at large.
Learning to master public speaking early is a great way for students to perform better in college, as well as offer them greater opportunities to be accepted into their top choice schools. Public speaking is by nature important because it's a primary and powerful avenue to give of your self and to share with others in a profitable way. Whether you're truly offering free advice, or trying to convince your audience that you do really know what they're talking about, public speaking is a perfect avenue for compelling give and take that is hard to match any other way.
Public speaking can be a nerve-wracking, complex process. However, one important aspect should never be forgotten: good speakers are made, not born. Even the most polished public speakers today, whether politicians, motivational speakers, spokespersons, etc., had to learn and apply the basics of public speaking.
Mastering public speaking builds confidence and creates a sense of satisfaction. In a way, the ability to be a good speaker allows you a greater sense of personal control. Participation in public speaking gives you the ability to influence events around you. For example, participation in public affairs requires the ability to speak well. to be successful in PTA meetings, organizational or committee meetings at work, organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, and other public forums requires a speaker who can effectively express himself/herself with direct, organized ideas.
REFERENCES
1. Brosnahan, L. Russian and English Nonverbal Communication [Text] / L. Brosnahan. – M.: Bilingua, 1998. –119 p.
2. Fairclough, N. language and Power [Text] / N. Fairclough. – London: Longman, 1989. – 226 p.
3. Griffin, Em. A First Look at Communication Theory [Text] / Em. Griffin. – New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc: 1997. – 257 p.
4. Lucas, S. The Art of Public Speaking / S. Lucas. – NY, 2001. – 327 p.
5. Osborn, M. Public Speaking [Text] / Michael Osborn, Suzanne Osborn. – Moughton Mifflin Company: 2000. – 512 p.