Semantic systems in english

The topicality of the theme of research is to investigate lexical discourse analysis in English. The researcher used two research instruments including lexical and textual analysis and their meaning. The findings of this research indicates that lexical knowledge and meaning insufficiency have a significant effect on texts from the source language to the target language .
The aim of the study: is to analyze the use of Discourse Analysis of lexical units in English Language Teaching from a Functional Perspective, to define basic discourse units viewed as the segments that speakers use to build a representation of the discourse, i.e. a kind of “minimal discourse interpretation segment”. Our starting point is the surface analysis of discourse.
The subject of the study: Discourse analysis of lexical units in English.
The object of the study: how functional properties of sentential elements act as prompts to hearers in different contexts. In addition, discourse analysis is a methodological tool, which easily lends itself to the investigation of the functional properties.
The methods that descriptive and comparative methods.
The theoretical value is lexical and semantic features of English-language legal texts that discusses problems of the constituents of the lexicon-theory of naming, or nomination, or verbalization-giving a name to a class of objects, properties, processes, events, etc.
The practical value is discourse analysis deals with textual units in terms of experiential,and textual language functions and discourse analysis places discourse in a hierarchy of language structures.
The structure of the research work. This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, resume and the list of used literature.

CHAPTER I. LEXICAL UNITS: THEIR PROPERTIES AND
SPECIFIC FEATURES
1.1 The function of lexical units
During the analysis of linguistic features, we noticed that students have difficulties dealing with text types. Lexical units are multi-faceted linguistic units, which are characterized at least by 2 features: meaning and form. This leads to the phonemes being ousted out of the vocabulary as they don’t bear any signification but fulfill differentiating function, communicative role and performance of linguistic units in communication: words’ and morphemes’ function in communication is to serve as ready-made units at the speakers’ disposal. Communication- a creative process with ready-made language units. Lexical units are reproduced ready-made linguistic units which possess both form and meaning. According to this definition- classify not only words but morphemes as lexical units. ²Existence of fixed expressions: greetings, proverbs, sayings, quotations, etc. which are sentences in structure but are reproduced in speech- the lexicon of a language must include words, morphemes, ready-made word combinations and utterances, thus becoming a system of various types of lexical units.
Context and temporal organization of speech play a crucial role, not only to interpret deictic expressions in the immediate speech situation, but also because the interpretation is closely linked to the function the discourse is meant to fulfill in a specific context of situation.³ The closed categories are the functional words: pronouns, conjunctions (and, if, because), determiners (a, the) and a few others. The major lexical categories: noun (N), verb (V), adjecti+ve (Adj.) and adverb (Adv.) are open. Lexicon is a total stock of meaningful units:words, idioms(stable word-combination), parts of words-morphemes(prefixes,affixes) Naming processes: causes, ways, types and results. Not only world changes, knowledge of world, nature of things, of their interrelations changes, and this change in cognitive, conceptual, world predetermines need of names to register new ideas of environment and its properties. Ways:1)Imitation, known also as Onomatopoeia-in order to give a name to an object or event, or property-the speaker who feels need for a name imitates some property, which is connected with sound, thus creating units like: to whisper, roar, murmur. ⁴The results-serious linguistic problem-arbitrariness, or conventionality of a name:
Crows caw - карр - карр- кают
2)Semantic derivation, or Transfer of things which seem to have no likeness are given the same name.
E.g. eye is a name for an organ of sight, and eyes of a potato, eye of a needle. Though first it appeared as the name of a human organ later on the name was transferred to other objects and other spheres.
3)Word derivation, i.e. creation of novel names on the basis of names already existent in the word stock, a most vivid example being word composition.
E.g. a room – a living room, a bedroom, a sitting-room, a bathroom, a guest-room to express various functions of rooms.
Milk-milkman, milkmaid, milk-shake, to milk and many more.
Here we face the same problem of arbitrariness:
a living-room-гостиная,
a bed-room-спальня.
Creation of various types of derived names and even terminological expressions is the result of combining names in order to give rent to a new name, complex in nature.
4)Borrowing. No lang. is free of borrowings which might come in different ways, directly or indirectly and in different shapes: in the form of lexical items, shaped according to the phonetic, grammatic norms of the language (assimilation of borrowings), or in the form of translation (vodka in E. Vodkas, malchiks, etc.), loans (no-good-nicks). Semantic derivation and word composition are the most productive in established languages.
Analyzing units used for naming, 3 types of verbalization:
1. lexical - naming is fulfilled with the help of lexical items, words in particular.
2. propositional - when speakers try to name a situation they might use a word-combination or a sentence to name it.
«Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.»
3. discourse - when a text serves as a name for some usual complex situation, or a series of situations. ⁵Lexical verbalization-the major source for the lexicon thought to discard names created in the form of propositions or discourse units. Functional analyses of discourse rely less upon the strictly grammatical characteristics of utterances as sentences, than upon the way utterances are situated in contexts. Additionally, lexical density was another feature we studied in detail due to students' complaints in terms of understanding words. Most of the texts exceeded the amount of lexical words proposed by Halliday and Hasan. They state that the number of lexical items cannot be higher than six since the clause or paragraph will be dense. In the passages we analyzed, the amount of data written in a clause affected students' understanding since ideas were packed and written using complex language.
Lexical meanings just codify stable sets of abstract semantic properties. This means detachment from the context which is connected with the experience of the majority of language use aspects in the social life. Lexicon researchers also believe that it is structured not as a list, since it would be quite primitive. Instead, it has a complex structure with many outputs. Some linguists propose interesting opinions about the lexicon core. When expressions are formed, the chosen concepts are brought to those signs for which the lexicon has units with a required list of semantic components. Thus, the lexicon core and the periphery are formed. The lexicon core signifies words in the «nearest» meanings reflecting everyday notions: The core comprises units of specific meaning which easily evoke mental images. They are central for a group of other words belonging to this category which are more abstract in their meanings. ⁶In reality, the lexical units are clusters of morphemes (the boundaries of which, however, are not al ways qui te certain in their turn, either); and the ways in which the morphemes are combined within the lexical units are very different. ⁷Sorne random examples from well-known languages only:
Eng. man, Fr. homme: monomorphemic lex. units;
Eng. old maid : bimorphemic lexical unit, morphologically characterized as two words ;
Eng. look( ... something ... ) up (e.g., in a dictionary): a bimorphemic lexical unit clearly characterized as two words, even discontinuous;
Amer. Eng. high school "pedagogical institution attended after the elementary school": bimorphernic lexical unit traditionally conceived as two words in the written language, but tending to be pronounced as one word in the spoken language;
Eng. albeit: either a monomorphemic or (for very weil educated speakers) trimorphernic lex. unit conceived as one ("functional," "empty," "grammatical") word;
Eng. contraption: a lexical unit clearly characterized as one word but of unclear morphemic status; 25
Eng. manservant: a bimorphemic lexical unit, characterized both as one word (accent, no space) and as two words {plural menservants);