Semi-annual report
Pahtaabad is 23 km south of Gafurov City, the regional center
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- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1870 * Ethnicity
- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 2259 * Ethnicity
- Ravot is 92 km southwest of Khujand, the regional center.
- Bakhmal is 25 km southwest of Besharyk, the regional center.
- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1960 * Ethnicity
- Pahtabuston is 15 km southeast from Yaipan, the Raion center.
- Vorukh is 35km west of Kokand
- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1235 * Ethnicity
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- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1800 * Ethnicity
- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1,302 * Ethnicity
- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 3209 * Ethnicity
- QUICK FACTS: * Population: 7133 * Ethnicity
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- Jar Kysthtak is 20 km west of Osh.
Pahtaabad is 23 km south of Gafurov City, the regional center.
The small mainly ethnic Kyrgyz community of Pahtaabad is isolated in more than one way. In addition to having an ethnic minority population in Tajikistan, there is no transportation
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QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1870 * Ethnicity: 98% Uzbek, 2% Tajik, Kyrgyz, Tatar and Russian * Major Source of Tension: The minefield next to Ravot has caused fatalities in recent years. Also, the overall lack of attention is attributed to the population being predominantly Uzbek.
mix of ethnicities in the village and the presence of landmines in the fields through which Tajiks illegally cross into Tajikistan.
along the eight kilometer road between Pahtaabad and the nearest urban center, Ovchi. Furthermore, the lack of telephone service means that reaching the outside world can often be extremely difficult for residents of this agricultural community..
Most residents who work do so at the nearby collective farm, where they receive their wages in the form of produce. For those who do not have jobs at the collective farm, there are few other options. Unemployment is a major issue.
Although the town is prodominantly Kyrgyz, there are no educational materials in Kyrgyz for the schoolchildren. Though they are readily available across the field in Kyrgyzstan, the Government of Tajikistan does not have the resources or the capacity to provide them themselves. As this leads many residents from Pahtaabad to cross the canal and attend school in Kyrgyzstan, these children become increasingly less connected to the nation in which they leave.
Like neighboring communities, water is the most serious problem. There is only weekly access to water, which is stored in a large open pit. This small reservoir holds water which is used for both drinking and irrigation.
Ravot is 92 km southwest of Khujand, the regional center.
Though this mainly Uzbek community faces a myriad of problems, the perception that this issues have befallen upon them due to their ethnicity is the most dangerous one. Additionally, their close proximity to Uzbekistan and their ability to see similar Uzbek communities on the other side of the border receive the attention and support of local authorities address further increases tensions in Ravot. The lack of gas, water, telephone and bus services are great sources of frustration. The nearest hospital is 12 kilometers away. Additionally, the Tajikistan government rarely pays the pension which is often less than $1 US dollar per month.
One life threatening problem facing Ravot is a minefield that is situated between Ravot and Uzbekistan. There have been fatal accidents invloving Ravot residents who have been killed while trying to cross into Uzbekistan to visit family. Visa restrictions prevent most if not all from travelling back and forth via the main roads, and force many to try to cross through mined areas.
Bakhmal is 25 km southwest of Besharyk, the regional center.
Unlike most communities where PCI works, the population of Bakhmal is made up of two large ethnic groups. The large 25
QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1960 * Ethnicity: 99% Kyrgyz * Major Source of Tension: This Kyrgyz community have little in contrast with their neighbors, including no natural gas and a crumbling school.
population of Tajiks who live in this community in Uzbekistan feel very much cut off from family and friends in Tajikistan and second-class citizens in Uzbekistan. The fact that their immediate neighbors are ethnic Uzbek increases the tension within their own community. Though the village has grown in two distinct areas for the past 15 years, both still rely on services in both sections. For example there is one school for both areas, located in the older part of the village, with only a kindergarten in the newer section. Both are in need of serious repair and face overcrowding.
The most serious problem in Bakhmal is a life-threatening one. Many residents of Bakhmal are also effected by the minefields that separate Uzbekistan from Tajikistan, as many Tajiks attempt to cross the border illegally by walking across the fields instead of via border posts.
Additionally, Bakhmal has very poor communication with the outside world, as there is no telephone service.
15. PAHTABUSTON, Uzbekistan Raion, Ferghana Oblast, Uzbekistan
Pahtabuston is 15 km southeast from Yaipan, the Raion center.
Most of the tension in the small agricultural community of Pahtabuston is related more to what neighbors have, as opposed to what Pahtabuston does not have. Located just north of the hills that separate Uzbekistan from Tajikistan, this predominantly Kyrgyz community has seen little of the development which its surrounding neighbors have. Most residents believe that the Uzbekistan authorities have intentionally left the ethnic minority here. In Pahtabuston, there is no gas, a crumbling overcrowded school, and little social infrastructure. Neighboring communties on both sides have natural gas, and residents of Pahtabuston believe that neighbors are more likely to see municipal construction projects before they will in Pahtabuston.
Most residents in Pahtabuston farm home plots, and the apricot and apple orchards are highly productive. These farmers do have access to markets, and most make their living working the fields.
Raion, Ferghana Oblast, Uzbekistan Vorukh is 35km west of Kokand
Vorukh was chosen as a PCI community based on the perception by the Tajik majority or residents that the issues they face are due to their ethnicity. Among the issues that face Vorukh is the lack of a clean source of drinking water. The pump station that has operated since the Soviet era has now seen the third and final pump break down. The lack of fresh water and poor storage conditions in earthen pits have led to outbreaks of
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QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1235 * Ethnicity: 75% Tajik, 25% Uzbek * Major Source of Tension: The lack of drinking water and minefields along the closed border cause much tension among the ethnic Tajik residents.
* Population: 2000 * Ethnicity: 99% Uzbek, 1% Tajik, Kyrgyz, Tatar and Russian * Major Source of Tension: The minefield next to Jangi Ravot has caused fatalities in recent years. Also, the overall lack of attention is attributed to the population being predominantly Uzbek.
Isolation and neglect by Tajikistan local authorities. Extreme poverty.
typhoid in recent years. Though water is a problem for many residents, these residents have little hope of receiving assistance from the authorities because they are Tajiks.
In addition to drinking water, irrigation water is also in short supply. Further complicating this is an area of 115 hectares of disputed land that is used by Uzbek farmers from Tajikistan. Farmers from Vorukh claim that these farmers use more than their share for a common source of irrigation water.
There is a clean water source on the other side of the border in Tajikistan, but the area between the two borders was mined, to prevent armed incursions from groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan a few years ago. As most if not all residents do not have the means to get visas, and since the Ravot customs post is often closed , many take the chance of walking through mined areas to illegally cross into Tajikistan to reach family members and friends.
17. JIGDALIK, Kanibadam Raion, Sogd Oblast, Tajikistan Jigdalik is located 15 km south of Kanibadam
Jigdalik population is 100% ethnic Kyrgyz who have a sense of isolation and neglect are living in extreme poverty. Jigdalik is one of PCI’s poorest communities. This poverty and isolation has angered citizens, and they feel more of affiliation with Kyrgyzstan than with Tajikistan. In the neighboring ethnic Tajik communities the standard of living is higher, and the infrastructure (natural gas systems, schools, medical points) is in better condition. There is a scarcity of water for the limited agricultural land, and many complain about the difficulty of crossing the border into Kyrgyzstan. Many of the citizens do not have enough funds to purchase passports, which has caused difficulties with traveling. Families from the original Jigdalik, where located on the Syr Darya and were moved to the community’s current located after the construction of the Kairakum Canal 35 years ago.
18. JANGI RAVOT, Kanibadam Raion, Sogd Oblast, Tajikistan Ravot is 92 km southwest of Khujand, the regional center.
As with Ravot, Jangi Ravot community faces numerous problems, but the main source of tension is that they feel neglected by local authority because the community is ethnic Uzbek. Another major cause for tension in the community is the mines on the border that resulted in a number of fatalies from citizens trying to illegally cross the border to access markets in Uzbekistan. The border posts between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are the tightest in the Ferghana Valley. The community also has an array of other problems including no natural gas and clean drinking water, scarcity of irrigation 27
QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1,302 * Ethnicity: 99% Kyrgyz * Major Source of Tension: The inability to cross into Kyrgyzstan, and the lack of attention from Uzbekistan authorities.
anger from a fatal confrontation between Kyrgyz residents and Uzbekistan authorities has yet to subside.
water, and medical point and school are in disrepair. Citizens have the perception that life is much better for the citizens of Uzbekistan. 19. KORAYANTAK, Ferghana Raion, Ferghana Oblast, Uzbekistan
For the many Kyrgyz who inhabit Korayantak, being citizens of Uzbekistan is both a blessing and a curse. It is a blessing because unlike in the nearby rugged edge of Kyrgyzstan, there are paved roads. It is a curse because of the communities location, as it very difficult to cross the border to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to visit family of friends, and access to markets and health facilities. Several citizens died last year on their way to the hospital because they were unable to cross the border because they did not have the correct documents. A tightly controlled border makes coming and going nearly impossible even for those who hold Uzbekistan passports. This is a major source of frustration and tension. Additionally, there are a fair share of problems in Uzbekistan, including a short supply of irrigation water, a lack of drinking water, no natural gas and no public bathhouses.
Another source of frustration is the lack of Kyrgyz language educational materials. Since these materials are not available in Uzbekistan, and since residents cannot cross the border, schools are inadequately supplied. Additionally, the school itself is in need of major repair.
Though the expanses of undeveloped land leading up to Kyrgyzstan make the area ideal for grazing sheep, cattle and goats, aside from livestock and agriculture, there are few options for employment. 20. KYRGYZ-KYSHTAK, Kadamjay Raion, Batken Oblast, Kyrgyzstan
For residents of Kyrgyz-Kyshtak, their geographical proximity to the many urban areas and services of Uzbekistan offers them nothing but reminders of what could be. The reality is that due to a strict visa regimen and closed border posts, residents are forced to navigate the 40 kilometer dirt road to the main road to Osh to access the city’s services in no less than three hours. Although this small community has some services available, including a small medical clinic, serious medical attention is unavailable.
Tensions are high between Kyrgyz residents after clashes with Uzbekistan authorities in 2001. Though local Kyrygz residents often walk through 15 hectares of disputed land on the path to a neighboring village in Kyrygzstan, two years ago young soldiers from Uzbekistan accosted a citizen and demanded to see his passport. An argument ensued, and when the Uzbek soldier and Kyrygz resident began to physically confront each other, the soldier shot and killed the resident. Many citizens took to the streets, and an angry mob from Kyrgyz- Kyshtak even later attacked an unarmed border guard after they stopped his car. Outside intervention calmed the situation, but tension has been high ever since.
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QUICK FACTS: * Population: 7133 * Ethnicity: 96% Tajik, 4% Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Russian * Major Source of Tension: Separate incidents, including a stabbing and a shooting have strained relations with neighboring Kyrgyz- Kyshtak and Borbalik.
* Population: 4,775 * Ethnicity: 100% Uzbek * Major Source of Tension: Limited natural resources, including land and water, further strain relations between Katpu, the Tajik community of Borbalik, and the Kyrgyz village of Kyrgyz-Kyshtak.
and the salinisation of the land are major problems that have yet to be addressed.
21. BORBALIK, Olti-Aryk Raion, Ferghana Oblast, Uzbekistan
Borbalik is 14 km from Olti-Aryk, the raion center.
Borbalik is located directly off the Ferghana-Kokand highway near Rishtam, and neighbors two other PCI communtieis, Kyrygz-Kyshtak and Katput. Though there are a handful of problems here related to their immediate neighbors, the larger issue within Borbolik is that the mainly Tajik residents percieve the inattention they receive from local authorities as the result of their ethnicity.
Additionally, the relationship between residents from Borbalik and Kyrgyz-Kyshtak is very strained. Issues such as dispute farmland, shared natural gas resources, and limited irrigation water have spilled over on numerous occassions. In addition to the shooting in Kyrygz-Kyshtak (see above), there was another high profile event in which Borbalik youth were caught in Kyrygz-Kyshtak stealing green wheat. When apprehended by young Kyrygz residents, one of the offenders was stabbed. Although he was not seriously injured, this raised tensions significantly.
In Borbalik, a large percentage of the farmland belongs to the collective farm, and those who do farm individual plots struggle to do so with the lack of irrigation water. With compensation from the kolhoz, an average amount of 250-300 thousand Uzbek Sums ($160-$190) and a 300-500 kilogram bag of wheat annually, there are few options for supporting a family. 22. KATPUT Olti-Aryk Raion, Ferghana Oblast, Uzbekistan
As local disputes of shared resources and disputed land have been escalated on ethnic lines, the relationship has become strained between a cluster containing the three communities of Kyrygz-Kyshtak (Kyrgyz), Borbalik (Tajik) and Katput (Uzbek). Despite that residents of Katput are ethnic Uzbek, they equally suffer from poor state services and a worsening of relations between neighbors.
One serious issue facing the residents of Katput is the salinization of irrigation water and subsequent raising of the water table. Since most residents are farmers, the inability to drain saturated fields causes salization problems and deterioration of foundations of many buildings in Katput. For
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QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1800 * Ethnicity: 90% Uzbek, 10% Kyrgyz
* Major Source of Tension: The process of privatization left residents with unusually small plots of land, and border restrictions have made studying very difficult for local youth.
QUICK FACTS: * Population: 1,600 * Ethnicity: 100% Kyrgyz * Major Source of Tension: Rising groundwater levels causing deterioration to infrastructure, salinization, and waterlogging. Cattle thieves causing problems with neighboring Uzbekistan communities, and islolation from tightening of border posts.
those who do not farm the limited land in Katput, a significant amount raise livestock that graze on what land they have in Katput, as well as on the land of Kyrygz-Kyshtak. This has led to confrontations with private land owners in Kyrgyzstan, as well as other herders. These problems, though fundamentally tied to natural resources, are further agrivated by the ethnic tensions and strained relations of these neighbors.
23. KAYTPAS, Kadamjayski Raion, Batkent Oblast, Kyrgyzstan Katypas is 65 km northeast of Batken, the regional center.
Situated west of Kyrgyz-Kyshtak on the Uzbekistan border near the Rishton border post. Katypas is an agricultural community with the main crops corn, wheat, rice, and livestock. The village has an array of problems including absence of clean drinking water, rising ground water levels, extremely poor roads, and public facilities are in disrepair. The rising groundwater has caused tensions with neighboring Uzbekistan communities, who claim that rice production is the cause of the rising levels. The rising groundwater has caused damage to infrastrucuture, salinization, and waterlogging. In addition, the problems of crossing the border to Uzbekistan to gain access to the market in Rishton and to visit relatives has become more difficult since the Uzbekistan Government placed a quarantine late last year (2002). Because the roads are in such poor condition, many commercial bus route drivers refuse to have this on their route, contributing to the village’s isolation. In the last six months, there has been a rise in cattle thieves between the citizens Katypas and Katput.
24. JAR KYSHTAK, Aravan Raion, Osh Oblast, Kyrgyzstan Jar Kysthtak is 20 km west of Osh.
When the land in this small mainly Uzbek community was privatized by the Government of Kyrygzstan, much smaller portions were distributed to residents than in other areas. If in other areas of Kyrgyzstan the parcels averaged 0.2 or 0.3 hectares per family, in Jar Kyshtak, the land parcels averaged only .1 hectare per family. Since most residents make their living off the land, the socio-economic situation is extremely low.
Additionally, until 1998, the majority of residents went to school and worked in the neighboring communities near Marhamat, Uzbekistan. After border restrictions were imposed about five years ago, and foreign residents were banned from attending school in Uzbekistan, residents have been forced to find other means. This has been very problematic for residents, as there is no school in Jar Kyshtak. Children now walk four kilometers to attend school in a neighboring village, on a dirt pathway which often turns muddy and icy in winter. The walk usually takes children one and a half hour each way.
Water is also a major problem for residents, as there is no access to clean drinking water in the community, and irrigation water management is in a state of chaos.
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