Shielding and penetration
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2.2.04 Shielding
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- Slaters Rules
Answer 7
Answer 8 3d is closest on average, but 3s penetrates most. The three subshells of differ in their average distance and in their ability to penetrate; these factors result in differences in the Z* experienced by electrons in each orbital. We would expect 3s to be lowest in energy followed by 3p and then 3d. Answer 9 This question is asking why the 2s orbital fills in Be before 2p is occupied. This is a multi-electron atom, therefore core electrons shield the 2s and 2p orbitals to different extents. In Be we expect the 2s orbital to fill before 2p because 2s penetrates more and experiences a higher Z*. 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 n = 3 2.2.4.5 https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/262761 Figure . Diagram illustrating effective nuclear charge according to Slater's rules. Slater's rules for estimating Z* The Z* can be esti mat ed usi ng a nu mb er of different methods; probably the best known and most commonly used method is known as Slater's Rules. Slater developed a set of rules to estimate Z* based on how many other electrons exist in the atom and on the orbital location of the electron-of- interest. These two factors are important determinants in shielding, and they are used to calculate a shielding constant (S) used in Slater's formula: where Z is the actual nuclear charge (the atomic number) and Z* is the effective nuclear charge. In the calculation of S, it is assumed that electrons closer to the nucleus than our electron-of-interest cancel some of the nuclear charge; those farther from the nucleus have no effect. To calculate S, all the relevant orbitals in an atom are written out in order of increasing energy, separating them into in "groups". Each change in shell number is a new group; s and p subshells are in the same group but d and f orbitals are their own group. You write out all the orbitals using parentheses until you get to the group of the electron-of-interest, like this: Download 1.8 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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