Shoulder Girdle The latter two shoulder girdle muscles provide an important
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Bog'liqShoulder Girdle - an overview ScienceDirect Topics
Shoulder Girdle The latter two shoulder girdle muscles provide an important muscular sling that links the shoulder girdle to the abdominal mechanism and will be detailed below following a description of all of the abdominal muscles. From: Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain (Second Edition), Related terms: Pelvis , Therapeutic Procedure , Cervical Spine , Brachial Plexus , Shoulder Joint , Clavicle , Range of Motion , Body Position , Scapula Shoulder Girdle Tim D. White, ... Pieter A. Folkens, in Human Osteology (Third Edition) , 8.3 Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle Because the glenohumeral joint between the scapula and humerus is free to move as the scapula moves, and because the shoulder girdle has only one bony connection to the thorax, the upper limb of a human is far more mobile than the lower limb. In contrast to the shoulder, the hip joint is fixed in relation to the vertebrae. In the glenohumeral joint, there is a great disparity between the large articular surface of the humeral head and the smaller glenoid surface. This provides further mobility to the arm because the ball-shaped humeral head can rotate in any direction in the glenoid fossa. The capsule of the glenohumeral joint is ligamentous and muscular (and relatively weak), and the shoulder is therefore an easily dislocated joint. Actions of the shoulder girdle are accomplished, for the most part, by muscles inserting on the scapula. The scapula moves, sliding and rotating on the back, in response to muscle contractions that change the orientation and position of the glenoid. One of the major scapular rotators is the trapezius muscle, which originates from the nuchal line of the occipital and the spines of cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The trapezius muscle inserts on the scapular spine, acromion, and posterosuperior lateral clavicle. The contraction of its various parts can therefore elevate, suspend, stabilize, and rotate the scapula. The serratus anterior works with the trapezius, inserting along the medial edge of the scapula's costal surface. Contraction of the lower fibers of this muscle can therefore rotate the scapula, with the opposite rotation produced by the rhomboid major muscle. In all, 16 muscles affect movements of the shoulder. The scapula is a sort of mobile foundation for muscles that move the arm. The scapula itself can be moved so that the glenoid faces different directions. Muscles anchored on this mobile platform in turn move the arm via the shoulder joint. A few large, superficial muscles cross both the shoulder and elbow joints and can effect movement there. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Structure and Function of the Cervical Region Gwendolen Jull PhD MPhty Grad Dip Manip Ther Dip Phty FACP, ... Shaun O'Leary PhD M Phty St (Manip Ther) B Phty (Hons), in Whiplash, Headache, and Neck Pain , Relationship between the cervical spine and shoulder girdle The shoulder girdle has muscular attachments to the cervical spine in the form of the axioscapular muscles and carries the trunks of the brachial plexus to the upper limb after their exit from the intervertebral foramen. Thus the dynamics of the shoulder girdle, and in particular the scapula , is of interest as it relates to the length–tension relationship of axioscapular muscles, their subsequent mechanical forces on the cervical spine, as well as their capacity to protect neurovascular structures. A comprehensive analysis of the shoulder girdle also includes the axiohumeral and scapulohumeral muscles; however, their inclusion is beyond the scope of this text. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Injuries of the Shoulder and Arm Peter H. Seidenberg MD, FAAFP, ... MAJ Rodney Gonzales MD, in The Sports Medicine Resource Manual , INTRODUCTION The shoulder girdle is made up of four articulations (sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, and scapulothoracic) and three bones (clavicle, scapula , and humerus). These articulations allow the shoulder girdle to provide a large range of motion for the hand to locate itself maximally in space. Shoulder injuries are frequent because of the increased vulnerability of the shoulder while providing this motion. Chronic shoulder injuries are often seen in overhead athletes; however, shoulder girdle injuries are also commonly caused by activities of daily living that involve repetitive overhead motions or in contact sports that involve direct trauma. Regardless of the mechanism, these injuries are evaluated and treated equally in all patients. Specific return-to-sport therapeutics may be added for patients who have special needs for certain sports. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Injuries to the Shoulder Girdle and Humerus M. Scott Linscott, in Emergency Medicine (Second Edition) , Pathophysiology The shoulder girdle connects the upper extremity to the thorax and axial skeleton . It consists of three bones (scapula, clavicle , and humerus), three joints (sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral), and one articulation (scapulothoracic). Injuries to the shoulder girdle include disarticulation (rare), fractures, ligament sprains , joint dislocations , musculotendinous strains, and contusions, as well as injuries to the nerves and vascular structures of the shoulder girdle and humerus . The scapula and clavicle are attached to the axial skeleton by ligaments at the sternoclavicular joint and by muscles from the blade or body of the scapula to the thorax. The clavicle is attached to scapula by the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments. The coracoacromial ligament serves as the roof of the coracoacromial arch, beneath which the neurovascular bundle traverses (Figs. 87.1 and 87.2). Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Shoulder Injuries Jason Nielson, Peter Gerbino, in Clinical Sports Medicine , Pathogenesis The shoulder girdle consists of the proximal humerus , the scapula and the clavicle . Most shoulder girdle fractures occur following a lateral fall onto the shoulder or after an axial load to the humerus. They are uncommon in the athlete, but can occur secondary to high-energy trauma (Fig. 26.2). Some fractures such as a clavicle or humeral shaft fracture can be palpated readily. Others, such as some scapula fractures , may not be apparent to palpation in a muscular athlete. In the young athlete, physeal fracture of the proximal humerus is common (Fig. 26.3). Most injuries heal readily without complications. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Techniques for Nerve Compression Syndromes David J. Slutsky, in Hand And Upper Extremity Reconstruction , Electrodiagnostic studies Shoulder girdle and upper limb EMG should be performed to rule out a brachial plexitis. In this case there will be membrane instability in the proximal limb muscles. The most appropriate technique involves recording the compound motor action potential (CMAP) from the pronator quadratus. The active surface electrode is placed in the midline dorsally, 3 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid. The median nerve is stimulated at the cubital fossa. The mean onset latency for the PQ is 3.6 ± 0.4 ms, with a side-to-side difference of 0.4 ms. Normal amplitudes range from 2.0 to 5.5 mV. Side-to-side comparative latencies are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. EMG testing of the PQ and FPL muscles should demonstrate signs of membrane instability (Fig. 19.3B). Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B 46 Physical Examination of the Shoulder JAY E. BOWEN DO, ... EDWARD MCFARLAND MD, in Musculoskeletal Physical Examination , Introduction The shoulder girdle allows for a large degree of motion in multiple planes, with the glenohumeral joint being the most mobile joint in the body. The tradeoff for this freedom of motion is a relative lack of stability, which makes the shoulder girdle susceptible to an array of injuries. A number of physical exam maneuvers have been developed to assist the examiner in diagnosing shoulder problems. Performing these maneuvers accurately and understanding their reliability and validity are paramount to a proper shoulder exam. In this chapter, we review common shoulder examination maneuvers, identifying the original descriptions and presenting research examining the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the various tests. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Ergonomics Guidelines and Problem Solving Jørgen Winkel, Rolf Westgaard, in Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series , 3.2. Shoulder The shoulder girdle, consisting of the collar bone (clavicle) and the shoulder blade (scapula) provides the bony link between the arm and the trunk. The three joints of the shoulder girdle are constructed to allow a wide range of arm movement, at the expense of stability. This is compensated by the rotator cuff muscles acting as dynamic ligaments. Three main groups of muscles in the shoulder participate in the control of arm movement: (a) trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboid, serratus anterior, which arise from the main skeleton and insert on the scapula, moving and stabilizing this structure; (b) the rotator cuff muscles: teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, which arise from the scapula and insert on the tuberculum, stabilizing the glenohumeral joint; (c) primary movers of the upper arm: e.g. biceps, deltoid, triceps, which arise from the clavicle and scapula and insert onto the humerus. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S X SHOULDER RONALD C. EVANS D.C., F.A.C.O., F.I.C.C., in Illustrated Orthopedic Physical Assessment (Third Edition) , ESSENTIAL IMAGING The shoulder girdle consists of the two bones that attach the upper limb to the thoracic wall: the scapula and clavicle . The glenoid fossa of the scapula forms the articulation of the shoulder girdle with the head of the humerus (Figs. 4-34 and 4-35). The most important films to obtain are the true anteroposterior (AP) (Figs. 4-36 and 4-37) and the modified West Point views (Figs. 4-38 to 4-41). Both of these projections provide an excellent view of a glenohumeral joint . The examiner is able to appreciate the characteristic posterior glenoid wear (Fig. 4-42). The acromioclavicular joint can be radiographically evaluated and correlated with the physical examination. The AP view should include the proximal two thirds of the humeral shaft so that the physician can safely estimate the appropriate humeral component diameter (Figs. 4-43 and 4-44). When clinically indicated, the radiographic examination of the shoulder must include a cervical spine series. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B Recommended publications Download 173.97 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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