Social media and the social movements in the Middle East and North Africa
participate in discourse by creating a supportive network community on Arabic
Download 320.33 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Social media Shirazi
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- This article has been cited by
participate in discourse by creating a supportive network community on Arabic sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The main theme of these discussions was that totalitarianism in the region is close to its end. Table I presents this study’s approach to validating the authorities’ claims using responses and comments posted on social media web sites. The use of metaphors and rhetoric such as “enemies,” “outlaws,” “conspirators,” “perpetrators,” “hallucinogenic drugs,” “anti-religious,” “elements working for western, etc.,” “velvet revolution,” “the advocates of sedition” and “steady hands” 39 Social media and the social movements Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Guiding questions to identify V alidity claims Claims P otential disto rtion Compr ehensibil ity Confusion C1. Is the communication suf ficiently intelligible? Outla ws wanted for criminal of fenses The claim is a threatful war ning to justify p ower dominance. As a T witter user wr ote , “our demand is only of fr eedom” C2. Is the communication complete? If anti-go v er nment pr otesters continue their acts it will be a civil war if they persist It is one-way communication fr om the ones that order to the ones that ar e exp ected to obey C3. Is the lev el of detail too bu rdensome fo r the reader or hearer? Y oung people on dr ugs ar e fo r the violence in the countr y The claim is not used to reac h mutual understanding with others, or to colla borate T ruth Misr epr esentation T1. W hat is said about the citizens’ demands? Radical and blasphemous intellectuals who ar e trying to infiltrate the country The claim is made for str engthening the elites in power and av oiding social and p olitical refor ms T2. Ar e the issues and options cle ar ly defined? This kind of beha vior stems fr om ill-wishers, mer cenaries and elements working for wester n and Zionist secr et services F alsehoods ar e pr esented as fact T3. W hat benefits ha ve be en identified and assessed? W e ar e watching these acts and we ar e taking the necessary legal action against the per petrato rs The state is the only source of tr uth T4. W hat evidence has be en pr ovided to suppo rt these ar guments? The incidents occur ring inside the country ha v e misled some of those outside ou r borders, who imagine Iran to be the same as Georgia Citizens’ rights to access and disseminate infor mation fr eely is suppr essed T5. Has the relevant infor mation be en communicated without distor tion or omission? Enemy spent 10 million dollars in Georg ia to start a v elve t rev olution The claim is made to distor t communication T6. Ar e ther e ideological claims whic h ar e unexamined? Inter net and F acebook infuse wester n culture and ideology in to the pr efer red Islamic context Islamic ideology benefits interest g roups in p ower Legitimacy Illegitimacy L1. W ho is spe aking , who is silent, what ar e their interests? Questioning the cr edibility of statesmen g oes bey ond the bounds of decency Long-standing unelected of ficials ar e spe aking (continued ) Table I. Validity claims and their potential distortions 40 ITP 26,1 Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Guiding questions to identify V alidity claim s Claims P otential distor tion L2. W hat is not said about the critics? It saddens us that they ar e wr ong and awa y fr om righteousness Citizens’ rights to fr eedom of expr ession L3. W hat is assumed or implied? It is not right to accuse the countr y of cor ruption based on some Zionist rep or ts and sources An y critics of the power esta blishment and the religious lead ers is illegitimate L4. W hat is missing or suppr essed in the discou rse? This administration, despite the excellent services it has render ed, came under unjust attac ks Unelected of ficials spe aks and citiz ens’ rights, alter nate persp ectiv es obscured L5. How ar e the decisions legitimized? The pr esident’ s ideas ar e closer to mine Citizens’ vot es ar e not the main source of legitimacy L6. W ho is in volv ed? W ho is not in v olv ed? The enemies tar get the belief and tr ust of peop le on the system Conservative har dliners and other inter est g roups in powe r ar e in volv ed, howev er , public opinion, espe cially opp osing opinion, is not in v olv ed L7. W hat ar e the stakes and inter ests in v olv ed or exclu ded? W e fight the enemies of religion, homeland and the nation Excludes human rights activists, ethnic minorities, NG Os, women’ s rights g roups, political par ties, y oung people , religious moderates and religious minor ities Sincerity: metaphors and descrip tors F alse assurance S1. Do metaphors and connotativ e wo rds pr omote or suppress understanding? Conspirato rs spr eadi ng “ger ms ev erywhere that cannot be eradicated y et” Compares pr otesters with “ger ms” indicates an antag onistic approach toward people’ s demand for fr eedom and democracy and obscures the questiona ble morality of using force to crac kdown on str eet pr otests S2. Do metaphors and connotativ e wo rds cr eate false assur ances? W e would not lea v e an y oppo rtunity fo r the expr ession of “dirt and dust” Calling pr otesters as being “dirt and dust” is an insulting phrase against people who asked for a fair recount of their v otes Table I. 41 Social media and the social movements Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) are used as a pretext for involving military and security forces to brutally crackdown on demonstrators. These words and phrases were widely discussed on social media web sites such as the Facebook, Twitter and other blogs. All dictators of this study have used similarly threatening language, allowing the security forces and military to get involved in cracking down on demonstrators by singling out those who try to destabilize the security of nation. The use of threatful language by dictators in the MENA region also shows their intention to hold power with all available resources and tools, violating the basic human rights of their own citizens for freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. As Table I illustrates, the authorities’ response to citizens’ demand are not comprehensible, truthful, legitimate or sincere. An example from each category has been used to briefly illustrate our assertions. The comprehensibility claim asks, is the communication sufficiently intelligible? The claim is a threatful warning to justify power dominance. These claims are not made to achieve mutual understanding or collaboration. Rather, the claims are made in order to justify power dominance. As a Twitter user wrote, “our demand is only of freedom” (translated from Arabic). We argue that this is a communication distortion. The truth claim asks what arguments and evidence are provided to support a claim? The leaders in MENA claim that the protest actions street demonstrations are organized by radical and blasphemous intellectuals who are trying to infiltrate their countries or those who are outside their borders to impose a velvet revolution as was the case in Europe. In his speech after the presidential election, the supreme leader of Iran claimed: “I have been hearing enemies saying repeatedly that the elections will be fraudulent [y] The enemies target the belief and trust of people on the system [y] This trust is the biggest investment of the Islamic republic [y] This [presidential] election is a political defeat for your enemies” (Transcript, 2009). The use of word “enemy” is repeated by other authorities in the region. However, the list of enemies is long and in some cases confusing. For example, authorities in Iran, Libya and Syria are clear about their enemies. According to these leaders their enemies include countries such as the USA, Israel and other western countries. However, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain declare Iran as their main enemy due to the Shi’a Muslim uprisings in their countries. This is a misrepresentation of citizens’ demands for freedom and democracy and is used for the sake of strengthening the elites in power and neglecting social and political reforms. It distorts communication with the ultimate goal of convincing citizens that the authorities and the state are the sole sources of truth. The legitimacy claim asks, who is speaking, who is silent and what are their interests? Authorities claim that questioning the credibility of statesmen goes beyond the bounds of decency and away from righteousness. As argued in many comments posted on social media web sites, this is a distortion that reflects the strategic power plays of unelected officials, particularly the long-standing presidents in office, religious leaders and the military to promote their own agendas at the expense of citizens’ freedom. Last, the sincerity claim asks how the rhetoric of the claims, especially the use of metaphors and descriptors, promotes or undermines understanding. Authorities have claimed that the democratic movements in the region are about to spread “germs” or are of type of “dirt and dust” striking an antagonistic approach toward citizens’ demand for freedom of speech and fair and transparent elections. This type of language converts the communication discourse used to reach mutual understanding and collaboration (Klein and Huynh, 2004) into a power-dominated communication (Cukier et al., 2008). This power-dominated communication emphasizes a one-way exchange between those who command 42 ITP 26,1 Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) (military or civil authorities) or demand (religious leaders) and those who should obey (citizens). This rhetorical approach helps to consolidate power in the hands of the authoritarian elites and disenfranchises the citizenry by justifying the restrictions on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. The same rhetoric is used similarly to justify constraints on internet access and restricted communication discourse in social media web sites. Habermas (1989) points out that “the principle of the dogmatists is represented by faith in things for their own sake: thus an indirect faith in their own self which is dispersed and borne only by objects” (p. 33). Hirschheim and Klein (1994) point out that the psychopathology of human cognition is usually reinforced by certain external social conditions, and that one of the dominant sources of external distortion is the information processing bias exerted by authority and other forms of power and ideology. The cumulative evidence of our CDA analysis suggests that the authorities’ rationales against protesters fail the four part validity test. Therefore, it is not surprising to see, despite the authorities’ promises, warnings as well as military involvement in cracking down on street demonstrations, these actions did not help to stave off discourse with citizens or to reach mutual understanding; rather, radicalized citizens demand freedom in the virtual world as well as in the physical. The authorities’ antagonistic approach in solving social and political issues has transformed citizens’ demands and street demonstration slogans from requesting for socio-political reform to regime change and an end to corruption and repression. This transformation constitutes a new meaning in discourse which ultimately promotes more radical actions as we have seen in major cities across the region. Table AII illustrates a snapshot of typical examples of the metaphors and rhetoric used by protesters in response to authorities. The table was constructed based on the frequency analysis table as depicted in Appendix 1; however, some of the responses that could be classified as cyberbullying or abusive words and phrases from both sides (supporters and opponents) were intentionally omitted from the table. 5. Conclusion Digital communication technologies like the internet and its various applications and communication tools such as e-mail, blogs and social media web sites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, provide citizens in repressed countries opportunities to participate in communication discourse by creating equifinal meaning which ultimately contributes to organized civil resistance and social actions. A new generation of socio-political activists has developed in the MENA region which is comprised of mainly educated youths who, through the process of democratic discourse, became active players in the complex processes of political activities against their nations’ oppressive regimes. While the events in Tunisia and Egypt resulted in political changes in these countries, events in other countries such as Iran and Bahrain did not succeed in making any institutional changes. On the other hand, the intensity of citizens’ participation in demanding changes in legal, political and social matters and the intensive use of social media indicate that the internet has the potential to be a multivocal platform for silenced and marginalized groups to have their voices heard. This paper is one of the first to use Habermasian CDA to examine the role of social media within the MENA. By using social network theory and the CDA method to test for validity claims, the paper offers an avenue for understanding the state authorities’ claims and the civil society’s demands. Our CDA analysis shows that despite the differences among the countries in the MENA region, the dictators and the elites in power utilize a similar language of 43 Social media and the social movements Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) denial in response to citizens’ demand for constitutional reform and democratic changes. These authorities’ discourse fails to meet the four validity claims of our CDA validity test. Using social media, social activists in the region were able to organize many popular events including mass demonstrations in the region, but also to mobilize people to use communication discourse against dictators’ claims and against the denial of democratic changes and that is why their social actions may be best understood as citizens’ mistrust of authorities and elites in power. Note 1. The supporters of liberal candidate Mousavi in Iran carried green signs during the presidential campaign and thereafter to protest against the fraudulent results of the June 2009 election. References Calhoun, C. (1999), Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and Challenge of Difference, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Cobb, R., Ross, J.K. and Ross, M.H. (1976), “Agenda building as a comparative political process”, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 126-38. Cukier, W., Hodson, J. and Ryan, M.P. (2009), “A critical discourse analysis of Amazon.com’s rise in the media 1995-2008”, Proceedings of the 2009 World Congress on Privacy, Security, Trust and the Management of e-Business, Saint John, NB, August 25-27. Cukier, W., Ngwenyama, O., Bauer, R. and Middleton, C. (2008), “A critical analysis of media discourse on information technology: preliminary results of a proposed method for critical discourse analysis”, Information Systems Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 1-22. Dellinger, B. (1995), “Views of CNN television news: a critical cross-cultural analysis of the American commercial discourse”, available at: http://users.utu.fi/bredelli/cda.html (accessed June 18, 2010). Dervin, B. (1998), “Sense-making theory and practice: an overview of user interests in knowledge seeking and use”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 36-46. Donnellon, A., Gray, B. and Bougon, M.G. (1986), “Communication, meaning, and organized action”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 43-55. Etling, B., Kelly, J., Faris, R. and Palfrey, J. (2009), “Mapping the Arabic blogosphere: politics, culture and dissent”, available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2009/ Mapping_the_Arabic_Blogosphere (accessed December 9, 2009). Fiss, P.C. and Hirsch, M.P. (2005), “The discourse of globalization: framing and sensemaking of an emerging concept”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 29-52. Freedom House (2011), “Freedom on the Net 2011: a global assessment of internet and digital media”, available at: www.freedomhouse.org/ (accessed November 13, 2011). Habermas, J. (1989), On Society and Politics: A Reader Edited Steven Seidman, Boston Press, Boston, MA. Habermas, J. (2001), On the Pragmatics of Social Interaction: Preliminary Studies in the Theory of Communicative Action, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Habermas, J. (2006), “Political communication in media society: does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research”, Communication Theory, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 411-26. Hacker, K. and van Dijk, J. (2000), Digital Democracy: Issues of Theory and Practice, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Hirschheim, R. and Klein, H. (1989), “Four paradigms of information systems development”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 1199-216. 44 ITP 26,1 Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Hirschheim, R. and Klein, H.K. (1994), “Realizing emancipatory principles in information systems development: the case for ETHICS”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 83-109. Huffington Post (2011), “Egypt’s internet shut down, according to reports”, available at: www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/27/egypt-internet-goes-down-_n_815156.html (accessed September 23, 2011). International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (2010), “Military court sentences rights activists to life”, available at: www.ifex.org/bahrain/2011/06/22/rights_activists_ sentenced/ See also, www.ifex.org/tunisia/2011/01/07/bloggers_arrested/ (accessed August 15, 2011). Internet World Stats (2011), “Facebook users by country”, available at: www. internetworldstats.com/facebook.htm (accessed July 22, 2011). Kitschelt, H. (1986), “Political opportunity structures and political protests: anti-nuclear movements in four democracies”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 57-85. Klein, H.K. and Huynh, M.Q. (2004), “The critical social theory of Ju¨rgen Habermas and its implications for IS research”, in Mingers, J. and Willcocks, L. (Eds), Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Systems, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 157-237. Klein, H.K. and Myers, M.D. (1999), “A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems”, MIS Quarterly, Special Issue on Intensive Research, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 67-93. Kvasny, L. and Richardson, H. (2006), “Critical research in information systems: looking forward, looking back”, Information Technology & People, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 196-202. Leonardo, Z. (2004), “Critical social theory and transformative knowledge: the functions of criticism in quality education”, Educational Researcher, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 11-18. Lyytinen, J. and Hirschheim, R. (1998), “Information systems as rational discourse: an application of Habermas’s theory of communicative action”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 4 Nos 1/2, pp. 19-30. Myers, M.D. and Klein, H.K. (2011), “A set of principles for conducting critical research in information systems”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 17-36. Nwenyama, O. and Lee, A.S. (1997), “Contextuality of meaning”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 145-67. Preston, J. (2011), “Seeking to disrupt protesters, Syria cracks down on social media”, available at: www.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/world/middleeast/23facebook.html (accessed December 13, 2011). Quinn, J. (2010), “Iran shuts down Google mail”, available at: www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ worldnews/middleeast/iran/7208726/Iran-shuts-down-Google-Mail.html (accessed January 20, 2011). Reporters Without Border (RWB) (2011), “World day against cyber-censorship”, available at: http://march12.rsf.org/en/ (accessed December 4, 2011). Scheufele, A.D. (1999), “Framing as a theory of media effects”, Journal of Communication, Vol. 49 No. 1, pp. 103-22. Silva, L. (2007), “Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems”, Information Systems Journal, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 165-83. Smith, J., McCarthy, J.D., McPhail, C. and Augustyn, B. (2001), “From protest to agenda building: description bias in media coverage of protest events in Washington, DC”, Social Forces, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 1397-423. Stahl, B.C. (2008), “Empowerment through ICT: a critical discourse analysis of the Egyptian ICT policy”, proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Human Choice and Computers (HCC8), IFIP TC 9, Pretoria, September 25-26. 45 Social media and the social movements Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Stahl, C.B. (2007), “Privacy and security as ideology”, IEEE Technology and Security Magazine, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 35-45. Stevenson, W.B. and Greenberg, D. (2000), “Agency and social networks: strategies of action in a social structure of position, opposition, and opportunity”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 651-78. Tait, R. (2009), “Iranian elections: Ahmadinejad’s ‘dirt and dust’ jibe rebounds: protesters use president’s insult against him”, available at: www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/18/ ahmadinejad-iran-insults-dirt-dust (accessed November 3, 2009). Taylor, J.R. and Robichaud, D. (2004), “Finding the organization in the communication: discourse as action and sensemaking”, Organization, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 395-413. Transcript (2009), “Transcript of Ayatollah Khamenei’s Friday speech”, available at: www. stumbleinn.net/forum/showthread.php?t ¼14229, available at: http://pastebay.com/23186. Tremlett, G. (2011), “Morocco protests will test regime’s claims to liberalism”, available at: www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/18/morocco-demonstrations-test-regime (accessed May 19, 2011). Van Dijk, A.T. (1990), “Social cognition and discourse”, in Giles, H. and Robinson, W.P. (Eds), Handbook of Language and Social Psychology, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, pp. 163-83. Weick, K.E. and Sutcliffe, M.K. (2005), “Organizing and the process of sensemaking”, Organization Science, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 409-21. Wei-Hao, L. (2008), “Identifying ideological perspectives in text and video”, PhD thesis, CMU- LTI-08-008, Language Technologies Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Wilson, F.A. (1997), “The truth is out there: the search for emancipatory principles in information systems design”, Information Technology & People, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 187-204. YouTube (2009), “Iron protest June 19th, Khaso Khashak song”, available at: www.youtube. com/watch?v ¼hwsiqZuL948 (accessed August 21, 2011). Zheng, Y. and Walsham, G. (2008), “Inequality of what? Social exclusion in the e-society as capability deprivation”, Information Technology & People, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 222-43. Further reading Libya (2011), “RS Tripolina (a collection of arts)”, available at: http://twitter.com/#!/rsTripolina See also: “A collection of arts from Libya”, available at: http://alive.in/libya/ (accessed February 8, 2012). Miles, H. (2011), “The Al Jazeera effect”, available at: www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/08/ the_al_jazeera_effect (accessed October 29, 2011). 46 ITP 26,1 Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Appendix 1 Frequency analysis Common responsive keywords and phrases 33.2 percent of protesters’ messages in response to authorities’/militaries’ rhetoric New constitution, free and fair election; freedom from corruption; human rights; freedom of the press; release of political prisoners, public and fair trial for those responsible for the current socio-political and economic problems; equality between men and women; end discrimination against ethnic minorities; end discrimination against religious minorities; civil disobedience; civil resistance; non-violent movement; police should protect people and not elites in power; abolition of the supreme state and security court; general strikes; where is my vote?; end political repression; we are protesters not agents; end political executions; the paramilitary Basij is against people; end massacre of peaceful demonstrator; internet is shut down; SMS is down; etc. y and also political statements from opposition groups, opposition leaders, political parties and human rights activists condemning governments’ violent actions against peaceful demonstrators 21.6 percent mobilizing messages in support of continuing street demonstrations A long list of planned demonstrations in the major cities of region encouraging people to join the rally: date, time and location 14.9 percent authorities’ messages found in social media among regime supporters or people who were neutral (see also Table AII) We do not want another Yugoslavia in our country; we do not want another Islamic Iran; think of tomorrow when Islamic fundamentalist are in power; protesters are agents of Israel, USA and the western countries to destabilize our economy and our country; Mubarak is a saver of our nation; Gadafi is a true patriot; Al-Assad and his supporters will ultimately win the battle; Ahmadinejad had the majority of votes; the agents of enemy do not have any place in Iran; protesters in Bahrain are the agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran 22.5 percent argued for a radical action and revolution against dictators Our people are killed on the streets; no more talk; no more promises; you must go; regime change is the ultimate solution to freedom and democracy; revolution; a new constitution; abdication of rulers; if you do not leave the office peacefully you will be removed by force; Ben Ali must go; Mubarak must go; Al-Assad must go; Ahmadinejad must go; Saleh must go 7.8 percent critical arts Many posters, banners, cartoons, art videos, songs, poems and statements about people who were shot dead on the street (martyrs) were distributed in support of demonstrations and condemning the brutality of military and security forces against demonstrators. The popular music video “The Owner of This Land!” was created in response to Ahmadinejad calling protesters “dirt and dust” Table AI. Frequency analysis of keywords and phrases 47 Social media and the social movements Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Appendix 2 Authorities’ metaphors and rhetoric Common citizens’ response posted on Facebook, Twitter, blogs and YouTube Protesters are germs (Al-Assad) We are millions of people demanding freedom; the world will not waver Al- Assad must go; the Syrian people must be free to choose their own destiny Protesters are a bunch of “dirt and dust” (Ahmadinejad) Many protesters responded in the social media to this phrase calling the corrupt authorities “dirt and dust”; Ahmadinejad a disgrace on Twitter message followed by 500 comments. Some song writers, artist and cultural activists created songs, posters, poems and music videos in response and distributed their work on the internet. A song called “we are the owner of this land” was the most popular response to Ahmadinejad’s message distributed on Facebook and YouTube (one of the video clips received over 141,500 views) Protesters are a bunch of “outlaws,” “criminals,” “bandits,” “drug traffickers” (Gaddafi) Who is still with Gaddafi? only his sons and few others; by the way, who’s on drugs??? President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali and Prime Minister Mohamad Ghannouchi, sent messages out through radio and TV broadcasting promising an effective anti-corruption program, lower food prices, to create jobs, respect freedom of speech, including the formation of a political party, lifting restrictions on the press and internet as well as opening up the political system. And to end firing guns at people That’s right! this is exactly what you have done to people; Ben Ali, out; Ghannouchi, out; Ben Ali promised not to fire at people with live ammunition, but they are still using live ammunition against us Protesters took the pardons granted and continued their illegal activities. They are trained on all types of vandalism. They want the worst for our dear country, and it’s people’s unity, safety, security and stability (King Hamad, Bahrain) We have the right to peacefully protest against corruption and unjust social conditions; end discrimination against Shia Muslims; this is our country we have rights for free assembly; peaceful protesters are confronted with live ammunition Protesters are the advocates of sedition (King Abdullah) How long do you want to blame your wrong doing on others? You are the ultimate power in this country and not the others There is a fine line between freedom and chaos, enemies are seeking to tarnish our reputation, what happened throughout these protests extends beyond looting, chaos and fire to a larger scheme aimed at shaking stability and an attack on legitimacy (Mubarak) People want a real functioning democracy and not a long-standing dictator; enough is enough; leave the office; the one who destabilized our beloved country is you and your government; peaceful assembly is our right! (continued) Table AII. Authorities vs protesters 48 ITP 26,1 Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) About the author Farid Shirazi is a Senior Researcher at Institute for Innovation and Technology Management at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada and an Assistant Professor and Faculty Learning Edge Advisor of Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management. His research focuses mainly on the impact of ICTs on the social and economic development. His main research interests are IT-enabled sustainability and development, cloud computing, e-government strategies, green IS management, as well as the ethical and security perspectives associated with the introduction and use of ICTs. He has published in several journals and conference proceedings including LNCS book chapters; Associations for Information Systems; International Conference on Advanced Collaborative Networks, Systems and Applications; IADIS e-Society; Journal of E-Business Development, Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries; Journal of Telematics and Informatics; Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society; Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), Journal of Information & Management (I&M), Journal of Systems and Software (JSS) and Journal of Law and Development Review. Farid Shirazi can be contacted at: f2shiraz@ryerson.ca Authorities’ metaphors and rhetoric Common citizens’ response posted on Facebook, Twitter, blogs and YouTube The path of reform which we have chosen is irreversible and cannot go backward. We will proceed with new steps that affirm our respect for the independence of the judiciary, I lean toward freedom for the people in expressing their opinions as much as I hold on to the need to maintain Egypt’s safety and stability (Mubarak) Egyptian Government shut off all internet and phone services and any means of digital communication; Egypt is officially isolated from the world; they want to hide the ruthless crackdown of the peaceful revolution; Egypt is under siege; no internet! We will not allow another velvet revolution in our country; we will stand firm against any anti-religious act of the enemy in our Islamic society (the military statement in Iran). Those who break the law are responsible for the bloodshed and any form of unrest, they are the hands of the enemy (Khamenei, Supreme leader of Iran) Our demand is a free and fair election. You hijack our votes under the pretext of preventing another velvet revolution; only dictators would want a silent and univocal society, what kind of religious leader you are? you ordered the killing of your own people, you do not have religious legitimacy anymore, it is unacceptable, a person who calls himself a religious leader, sends military and paramilitary personnel to persecute, attack and kill peaceful demonstrators; protesters simply want a fair and just society; without any supervision the leadership needs to be transparent; the supreme leader’s message was a clear a go-ahead to military to make tomorrow’s protest bloody Table AII. To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com Or visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints 49 Social media and the social movements Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) This article has been cited by: 1. Maria R. Lee, David C. Yen, C.Y. Hsiao. 2014. Understanding the perceived community value of Facebook users. Computers in Human Behavior 35, 350-358. [ CrossRef ] Downloaded by Ryerson University At 09:50 04 February 2015 (PT) Download 320.33 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling