20
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Descriptive model for translation shifts
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It is situated in the linguistic fields of stylistics and pragmatics deals with what the author is trying to say, and why and how this can be transferred to the TT. It deals with differences between the source and target cultures and serves as a model on a macro level for literary works
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6
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Divergences in the Semantic Structure of Words
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The Semantic structure of words presents a complicated problem as the so-called Correlated Words of the TL are far from being identical in this respect. The only exceptions are some groups of mono-semantic words.
Divergences in the semantic structure of words of the SL and TL are one of the primary cases of Lexical Transformations. These Divergences or Dissimilitude are connected with certain peculiar features of a word or a group of words. Even words which seem to have the same meaning in the 2 languages are not semantically identical. The primary meanings of correlated words often coincide while their derivative meanings do not. Thus there is only partial correspondence in the structures of poly-semantic words as their lexical semantic variants do not cover one another. Semantic correlation is not to be interpreted as semantic identity and one-to-one correspondence between the semantic structures of correlated poly-semantic words in the 2 languages is hardly ever possible.
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7
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Emotive Prose Translating
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The requirements of Equivalence in the translation of Emotive Prose differ considerably from these in other Styles where form merely serves to convey the content of the utterance and do not fulfill any expressive and aesthetic function – publicist style in all its genres being to a certain extent an exception. In these styles Stylistic means and devices are merely used as their indispensable markers. But in the Belles-Lettres style form and content are inseparable whole; their common goal is to affect the reader emotionally, to appeal to his feelings and to stir his imagination, to arouse his sense of values both ethical and aesthetic. The approach to the problems of Equivalence is broader and more flexible in this style. Losses may be greater here but so are the possibilities of Compensation because the object in view is to produce as forceful a Stylistic effect as that produced by the original. While in the translation of official texts, scientific texts and newspaper texts the losses are grammatical or lexical, in the translation of Belles-Lettres texts the losses are also Stylistic affecting the expressive value of the translated text. It is clear that Fundamental Principles of translation are inviolate, but Equivalence is not a rigid concept and varies in the rendering of texts belonging to different Styles.
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