Some practice in translation

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	Free translation	that is, paraphrasing is a special type of translation used as a rule in annotations, précis, abstracts, etc. Free translation is rendering of meaning regardless of form. The aim of such translation is to convey information to people in other countries in a most compact and condensed manner	21
	Geographical Names in Translation –	Rendering of Geographical Names in Translation: Geographical names are an integral part of the Russian language, so tradition is very strong in this group of words. They are usually rendered according to the usage of earlier days, e.g. England – Англия, Scotland – Шотландия, Ireland – Ирландия. Some geographical names have their translation equivalents in Russian: Cape of Good Hope – Мыс Доброй Надежды, Easter Island – Остров Пасхи, etc. usually geographical names of this type are token names, as they are named after the name of the holiday on which they were discovered.	22
	Implicature	Pragmatic concept that is where the meaning is implied rather than stated. “John wanted Mary to leave” may imply that “John is now happy that Mary left” (Libert lecture 24/3/05), which can lead to a mistranslation of the intention of the message.	23
	Interpreter	refers to the practitioner who translates orally for parties conversing in different languages or utilizing sign language. Interpreters should convey not only elements of meaning, but also the intention and feelings of the original speaker. In fact, the end result is an intermediate stage of communication which aims to allow listeners of the target language to experience the message in a way that is as close as possible to the experience of those who understand the original. Refers to the way in which interpreting is offered. These include simultaneous (at the same time) and consecutive (after utterance)