Стилистика тилшуносликнинг ажралмас қисми бўлиб, у бадиий нутқнинг ифодаланиш услублари, уларнинг таъсирчанлиги ва умуман инсон нутқини ўрганадиган фандир

Exercises:
I. Questions for discussion:
1. What is a litotes? 2. Give the definition of litotes as an SD. 3. What is the difference of litotes and logical negation? 4. What is the stylistic function of litotes in the text? 5. In what functional styles is litotes most widely used?
II. Describe the linguistic nature and function of litotes:
1. 1. No, there was nothing inherently impossible in the idea. 2. But yes, Hastings. I believe in these things. You must not underrate the force of superstition. 3. Byrne was not unpleasant. Simply, he was what Layth had come to Egypt to avoid. After all, with English people he left, he was bound to feel a certain ambiguity. 4. Julia was not dissatisfied with herself. 5. He had mitigated the tyranny; but he had also been to a large extent its instrument and had not infrequently enjoyed its fruits. 6.Perhaps Evvy was right after all. Her eyes were dark brown and fugitive, her nose rather broad and tilted. A not unpleasant face. 7. Rain selected a noble Shiraz of a more intense golden shade, not unlike the colour in which she proposed to paint the old man's face, and wherein the curve occurred, formalized into a recurrent flower.
2. 1. Бу гап сизга бежиз айтилмаган. 2. У бу ишга бевоситақарамаган эмас. 3. Бу камёб камчиликдан ҳоли эмас. 4. Бу ишни билмай қўймаймиз. 5. Эртугон деган отни, Отам қўймаган бежиз. 6. Турли таклифлар ва қарши фикрлар бўлиши эҳтимолдан ҳоли эмас. 7. Ўша даврлардаги бизнинг ташқи сиёсатимиз ва дипломатимиз ҳам идеологик кураш таъсиридан ҳоли бўлмаганлигини инкор этиш ноўрин. (рўзномадан)

PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC

DEVICES
Different types of sound combinations may produce certain stylistic effect especially if they are properly used. In order to a clear understanding about the functions of phonetic means they are divided into two groups: those used for versification (the art of writing poetry, which we do not examine here) and instrumentation — a combination of different phonetic means which bring special emphasis into poetry and prose. Instrumentation' usually comprises: alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.
Speaking about the sound system of the language, it is necessary to pay attention to the following fact: there are some sounds that are phonetically motivated, i.e. they carry some hidden additional information within the semantic structure of the word. It is most clearly seen in onomatopoeia. There is the opinion that angina, pneumonia and uvula would make beautiful girl's names instead of such names as Joan, Joyce and Maud.
The theory of hound symbolism stales that sounds may be classedaccording to the following qualities: strong — weak, tender — rough, quick — slow, beautiful — disgusting, happy — gloomy, joyful — dull etc. Thus, sound [b] is considered as strong, [m] is mild [1] is slow and warning; [f] is dark, rough and weak. Of course this classification is subjective and diverse.
Onomatopoeia is an EM of the language which imitates the sounds produced by animals, some mechanical devices, by natural phenomena and by people: murmur, clatter, cuckoo, and kiss:
The cock is crowing.
The stream is flowing,
The small birds twitter.
The lake docs glitter,
The green fields sleep in the sun
The italicized words are onomatopoeic. These words are divided into the following groups: 1) onomatopoeic words (verbs and nouns) which denote the sounds of movements', bang, boom, bump, hum, rustle, smack, thud. The sound of forceful motion: dash, crash, whack, whip, whisk. 2) Onomatopoeic words which produce sounds appearing in the process of communication: babble, chatter, giggle, grunt, grumble, murmur, miller, titter, whine, whisper. 3) Sounds of animals, birds, and insects: huzz, cackle, crook, crow, hiss, honk, howl, moo, mew, neigh, purr, and roar. 4) The sound of water: bubble, splash. 5) The sound of metallic things: clink, tinkle etc.
Many onomatopoeic words have two fold meanings: one — direct or dictionary, another — transferred, or figurative. Thus we may say that onomatopoeia may be looked upon as a sounding metaphor: to croak — the direct meaning is to make a deep harsh sound (about frogs and ravens), but in its transferred meaning it denotes a hoarse human voice. Its contextual meanings may be: to protest dismally, grumble dourly, to predict evil (I. Arnold). Note the following example: If that child doesn't stop whining, I'll drown it. In this sentence "whining" is used as an onomatopoeic word and means "long-drawn complaining cry or high-pitched sound made by a miserable dog, a siren, a motor or a shell in flight.