Structural-semantic peculiarities of conditional sentences in english and uzbek

e.g. The second year students have to answer all testing materials if they want to pass the exam.
For a past time obligation, it is necessary to use had to. “Must” cannot be used to mean a past obligation.
e.g. They had to go back alone if their parents had an urgent problem to solve.
The negative mustn’t (or must not) does not express the absence of necessity, but rather an emphatic prohibition. The absence of necessity is expressed by not have to.
e.g. Pedestrians must not cross the street at this point if they don’t want to break the law.
Do you have to get up early every morning even if you have nothing to do?
The modal verb ‘must’ in its primary meaning has another equivalent, to be to, but there is a slight difference in meaning in this case.
‘To be to’ denotes an expected action, due to the plan, agreement or timetable.
e.g. We have chosen Cinderella and I am to be the Prince if the teacher allows me to do.
П. Order, prohibition.
In this meaning, ‘must’ has an equivalent to be to which is used to make orders and prohibitions stricter.
e.g. You must stay here till father comes back if you don’t wish to be punished.
You are to tell me everything, Zuhra if you truly love me.
And remember you must not ask for things even if you are interested in.
Note: In the imperative meaning the form must is retained in indirect speech.
e.g. He told me I mustn’t cry even I had to.
She said he must come and see her new car if I finished repairing.
III. Near certainty.
We use must with the indefinite infinitive to speak about the present and with the perfect infinitive to speak about the past.
e.g. The matter must be discussed not later than tomorrow if you don’t to see yourself in the court in the future, (present passive)
I don’t know for certain, but he must have been a sailor in his youth if we are speaking about the same person now, (past)
The modal verb need has only one form. The modal verb need is used only in the primary and imperative meanings.
I. Necessity. In the negative form absence of necessity. In this meaning need has an equivalent to have to.
e.g. Students need not translate this article if they can’t do it quality.
Dr. Standford needn’t (doesn’t have to) pay a lot of money for the house at once if they don’t have sufficient amount.
Students don’t have to (needn't) buy the books if they can borrow them from the library.
The perfect infinitive used after need in the negative form shows that unnecessary action was done.
e.g. Mother need not have cooked such a big dinner if she had something to do outside.
П. Permission not to do something.
e.g. The second year students need not have written the current test if they wanted to get the highest results.
You needn’t take any more pills after next Monday if you feel better.
When ‘need’ is used in the meaning of to be in want of is used not as a modal verb
e.g. Do students need textbooks if they are in class?
Students don’t need any help during computer test if they studied hard before.
Note: The modal verb need should not be confused with the notional verb to need. The latter being a notional verb has non-finite forms and analytical forms of the verb. We add -s or -es to it in Present Simple 3rd person singular and use auxiliary verbs to form interrogative and negative constructions. To need takes direct objects as well.
e.g. Does Akmal need a bike if he wants to go hiking?
You will need a raincoat and rubber boots if you are out in a rainy weather.
There is a slight difference between two possible negative forms:
1) ‘need not’ is used when the speaker gives authority for the non-performance of some action.
2) ‘don’t need’ is used when external authorities or external circumstances do not require the action to be performed.
‘Need’ and ‘need not’ are followed by the bare infinitive. All other forms of need are followed by the infinitive with to.
‘You must not see him’ implies that it would be wrong or stupid of you to see him.
‘You need not see him’ means merely that it is not necessary for you to see him. If you did go to see him it would not be wrong or stupid, but probably a waste of time.
e.g. You need not light a match if you see well enough.
You must not light a match if the room is full of gas.
The modal verb ‘shall’ has two forms of the indicative mood: the present tense shall the past tense should. The modal verb ‘shall’ has the following meanings.
I. The primary meaning
П. The imperative meaning
П1. The suppositional meaning
I. Certainty.
Depending on the contents of the sentences shall may be used to express promises, warnings, threats.
e.g. You shall be sorry if you have done something wrong.
Note: In its primary meaning ‘shall’ refers only to the future. In indirect speech the form should is used to denote a relatively future action.
e.g. You will drive the car as soon as we get out of town if you want me to reach my destination on time, (direct speech)
The instructor said I should drive the car as soon as we got out of town if I wanted him to reach his destination on time,(indirect speech)
П. Asking for permission, advice, criticism of a past action.
e.g. Shall he carry that suitcase for you if he can?
I shall make you some breakfast if you want, shall I?
Shall I come a little later if you don’t have time?
You should not eat so many sweets, Halifa, I f you want to be slim.
He should have come straight to the deputy dean if he had had problems.
III. Near certainty.
Should in the suppositional meaning is the equivalent of must. But it is used only about the present and the future.
e.g. She must know all about it if they have lived together.
She should know all about it if they have lived together.
The modal verb ‘will’ has two forms of the indicative mood: the present tense will and the past tense would. The modal verb ‘will’ has the following meanings.
I. The primary meaning
II. The imperative meaning
Ш. The suppositional meaning
I. Volition, persistence.
e.g. Tell Mr. Brown I will not answer his letter even if he threats me to do so.
I asked her what the matter was but she wouldn’t answer as if she didn’t hear.
Boys will be boys even if they make mistakes.
II. Request, offer, wish.
e.g. You will tell your parents that I wish to speak to them if you don’t want to be punished.
If possible, will you say it again, please?
I will do it if you permit.
Note: In a similar way, can be used will to express a ‘prediction’ about the present or the future. There is a little difference between must and will.
John will have arrived by now if they left home earlier. (Also: John will have arrived by tomorrow).
John must have arrived by now as he left home earlier. (But not: They must have arrived by tomorrow).
III. Near certainty.
In this meaning will is an equivalent of must,
e.g. This will {would) be the place he meant if I got him right.
The modal verb ‘ought to’ has only one form. The infinitive after ‘ought’ is used with its particle to. Modal verb ‘ought to’ has the following meanings.
I. The imperative meaning
II. The suppositional meaning
I. Advice, criticism of the past action.
e.g. You ought to offer to help him. You have got enough work to do yourself.
You ought to write and send a fax to her.
Note: There are two set expressions with ought to expressing reproach:
a) You ought to know this
b) You ought to know better.
e.g. You ought to be here long before that time if you want a victory.
Criticism of past action. The desirable action was not done.
e.g. You ought to have warned me what to expect if you had known about it before.
П. Near certainty about the present or the future only.
e.g. Flowers ought to grow well in here you water them in a right way.
Elvina ought to make a good teacher if she becomes more patient.
You ought to work when deputy dean comes into the classroom, not to talk even if you have something urgent to share.
Dare means “to have courage (or impatience) to do something”. In the negative, it denotes the lack of courage to do something.
e.g. How dare you ask the little Kelveys to come into the courtyard if you know he is light-herted?
He dare not speak to her if she angry.
The verb ‘dare’ as well as ‘needn’t’ some peculiarities which make it different from other modal verbs.
It is used both as a notional verb (taking the auxiliary do in the interrogative and negative forms, -s in the third person singular, present simple and the to-infinitive) and as a modal verb (without any auxiliary in its interrogative and negative forms, without -s in the third person singular, present simple, and without the particle to before the infinitive which follows it). The notional verb dare has two forms: dare for the present and dared for the past.
e.g. Did he dare to strike me when I was down? (notional)
He did not dare to meet his uncle even if he tried very hard, (notional)

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