- Signs are understandable synchronically(共时性)
- Culturally at a given moment in time without regard to history
- Signs are understandable diachronically(历时性)
- Traces chronology of a sign
- An ordered seriers of signs that makes sense
- The signs make sense because of their relation to other signs
- Meaning created through relationships between signs
- binary opposition(二元对立) : means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined in reciprocal determination with another term, as in binary code. It is not a contradictory relation but a structural, complementary one.
- No signs exists in isolation
- parole(言语): the individual utterance
- langue(语言): the language regulated by linguistic ”rules” or conventions to be observed by every member of the commnity
- Semiotics:the study of meaning-making, the study of sign processes and meaningful communication.
- Not literary theiry but literature subfield of semiotics
- Explains how any field of interrelated objects becomes intelligible as that field: i.e. Darwinian semiotics, Literary semiotics
- So then Saussure said somebody ought to study how everything , not just language, is made up of signs.
- Writers write and readers read without consciously knowing or intending much of what they're doing .
- Saussure said, since that will lead to understanding the laws that actually provide the meaning that most people incorrectly believe comes from the signs themselves.
- Through the first half of the twentieth century until the late 60s, all kinds of critics took up this challenge and began to track down the structural laws that organized meanings for such fields as anthropology , psychology , history , art, sociology , and philosophy , as wel l as linguistics and literature.
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