Subject: tourist resource studies and planning of touristicexcursions course work theme: features of organizing tourism in specially protected natural areas of uz

The object of the course work: Specially protected areas in our republic,
The subject of the course work: Organization of tourism in specially protected natural areas of Uzbekistan,
The purpose of the course work: Organization of tourism and development of ecotourism in specially protected areas,
Methods of course work: Study methodology of specially protected areas in Uzbekistan, practical observation method, experimental method.
CHAPTER I. RESOURCES OF ECOLOGICAL TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN.
1.1. Specially protected natural areas of Uzbekistan
Separately protected natural areas located on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan - national parks, state nature reserves, state nature reserves, national and people's parks are included in the system of separately protected areas. That is why the definition of specially protected areas is equated to the definition of national parks and state nature reserves. In foreign countries, tourism and recreation are allowed in limited procedures from specially protected areas. According to the information of international organizations, the number of specially protected natural areas in the world exceeds 10,000. Currently, the Department of "Protected Natural Areas" of the State Committee for Nature Protection of Uzbekistan together with the Department of "Protection of the Plant World" considers trees that are 100 years old and older and gives them the status of "State Natural Monument". works are being carried out to gather and generalize the information from the regional nature protection committees¹. Based on this information, a summarized table was created and all trees were taken into account. natural areas protected by the state for the purpose of conservation, protection and study of phenomena, ecological-educational activities, scientific researches. The status of the state nature reserve consists of the following requirements:
• full protection and restoration of natural complexes;
• organization of continuous environmental monitoring;
• performing scientific research works;
• carrying out environmental and educational activities;
• preservation and protection, reproduction of the gene pool of rare plants and animals. In many cases, state nature reserves are also established to protect one unique plant or animal species. In this case, all ecological systems and biological diversity in the reserve areas are protected in the same mode. For example, in Uzbekistan, "Zarafshan nature reserve" protects the endemic Zarafshan forest, "Nurota nature reserve" protects wild sheep and arhars with the entire ecological systems of the reserve. State nature reserves can also be specialized for the protection of a particular plant or a rare, endemic animal species (Badaytokai Biosphere Reserve). For example, botanical nature reserves (unique plants endemic to Uzbekistan included in the international "Red Book" and "Red Book", geomorphological or geological reserves (Kitob geological reserve). Specially protected areas in countries of the world. 9. The natural zones of our planet and its landscapes, flora and fauna with natural climatic features. 10. Forests and their landscapes, flora and fauna. 11. River basins, their flora and fauna, waterfalls. 12. Mountains, foothills and their natural resources, gorges, canyons, flora and fauna. 13. Arid (dry climatic deserts, semi-deserts, deserts) zones and their landscapes, flora and fauna. 14. Reservoirs, their shores, flora and fauna. All of the above are resources of ecotourism. Because an ecotourist decides for himself whether he is interested in nature and its riches, enjoys, relaxes and watches. In scientific literature and from the point of view of early development of ecotourism, currently the main resources of ecotourism in all countries of the world are defined as follows: 1. National parks in the countries of the world. 2. Nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature reserves in the countries of the world. 3. Ecological nurseries (ecological, biological nurseries) and nature conservation centers (zakazniks) in the countries of the world. 4. Specially protected areas in the countries of the world. Each name of the general list of ecotourism resources can be touched upon and commented on separately. However, all of them were studied by students of institutes and universities in schools, academic lyceums and vocational colleges. Therefore, we can now study the main resources of ecotourism that are accepted at the international level. The first national park in the world - Yellowstone - was established in the United States of America in 1872 at the initiative of the Canadian government. Because most of the areas of the Yellowstone National Park with the same natural landscapes were located within the borders of Canada. 26 km in 1885 in the Rocky Mountains of the North American continent. sq. Wood Buffalo National Park was opened in the area. In 1948, the "International Union for the Protection of Nature and Natural Resources" (MSOP) was established. The main goal of the Union was to protect the territories of the animal and plant world, to conduct scientific research on nature protection. In 1958, MSOP proposed to the UN to establish national parks and support their problems. As a result, in 1962, the UN "International Conference on National Parks" was held. Representatives of 70 countries participated in this conference². In 1972, members of the UN, UNESCO, and UNEP adopted the "Second International Convention on National Parks"32. According to the decisions of this Convention, in all the national parks of the world, human economic activities were limited to significant "levels" and a condition was set for the complete protection of flora and fauna (natural landscapes and unique natural complexes, flora and fauna human intervention is strictly prohibited) was partially allowed to be used in ecological tourism. National parks. The concept of a national park, its tasks and the first agreement on the use of national parks in tourism and recreation was adopted in London in 1933 in the "Convention for the Protection of African Flora and Fauna". In 1940, the current definition of national parks was given in Delhi³. National parks are designated and protected areas for the protection of unique nature and natural landscape objects, ecological systems of national and international importance, and for conducting scientific, recreational, recreational, cultural and educational activities. The famous and miraculous Easter Island in Chile has been declared an international national park. Argentina's Nehuel Huapi National Park covers an area of ​​800,000 hectares at the foot of the Andes. Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world, is located in the Canaima National Park in Venezuela. The increase of national parks and nature reserves, specially protected areas lays the foundation for the development of ecotourism. Currently, there are more than 1500 national parks in the world. 260 of them, the largest, are on the UN list33. It is known from the mentioned information that national parks are organized for different purposes. Therefore, in the development of ecotourism, it is necessary to analyze the organizational, economic and geographical characteristics of these national parks. Organizational and economic aspects of national parks in the world are a) state property; b) private and d) are operating under mixed (state and private) ownership. Some countries give their national parks to international organizations and receive part of the income. Currently, the owners of national parks in private and mixed ownership in many countries are transferring them to state property management. The reasons for both situations are the increasing difficulty of protecting national parks. In African countries, in South and Southeast Asian countries, in the Middle East and CIS countries, in Latin America, national parks have become available to the state. The sale of national parks to the state or their full state ownership is also a priority in European countries (Germany, Ireland, Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Scandinavian countries). National parks in North and South America, Poland, Greece, Turkey, Pakistan, Nepal and Algeria operate under private and state management. Half of the national parks in Western European countries, France, Spain and Great Britain, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Ecuador are private. In South Korea, 40% of national parks are privatized. Organizational and management features of national parks are different in the countries of the world⁴. When national parks were first established, they were administered by federal agencies and departments. In developed, transitional economy developing countries (90% of countries), national parks are managed in bottom-up-vertical organizational management (Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, many European countries). Due to the large number of private national parks in the USA, Canada, France, Australia and South African countries, equal rights-horizontal organizational management prevails. However, regardless of the diversity of management or different forms of ownership in national parks, nature protection in national parks is definitely at the discretion of state bodies. The organization and management of national parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature reserves and specially protected areas in our country is entrusted to the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan "Ecology and Environmental Protection". In recent years, national parks have been operating at the expense of money from international organizations supporting nature protection, commercial banks, famous writers, artists, and others. That is why the countries with ecotourism resources have used all their possibilities to develop ecotourism. 240 million from Canadian national parks. dollars, the US receives an average of 370 million dollars a year from national parks. Most importantly, no matter how attractive and unique an ecotourism object is, ecotourism develops when this object is used. There were 200 national parks in 39 countries in 1959, 1000 in 1982, and 1500 now. State nature reserves (zakaznik) are natural areas protected by the state for the purpose of protection and restoration of natural complexes or one or more plant and animal species or species⁵. Natural order offices (the term zakaznik in Russian is more popular) are mainly organized for certain periods of activity. During the cultivation of new lands, the discovery of minerals on an industrial scale and the increase of irregular, unplanned anthropogenic pressure lead to the destruction of natural landscapes and plants and animals on that land. In such cases, the state turns these places into state nature reserves. In some cases, when the number of one unique species in nature decreases and it is completely lost, a state reserve of nature is established under the name of that species. Museums and sculptures of nature. Natural museums can occupy from 1 to 10-15 hectares of land, even 5-6 m2 of land. But the most important thing here is that even these small places in nature can provide very important information about the broad development of evolution or the development of the environment. At the same time, one should not confuse motionless, lifeless geosystems with natural museums. For example, in the words of V. I. Vernadsky, the biosphere is a living nature, since all living organisms of our planet live in it, and the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are non-living nature. Nature museums stand out from the general view due to their special attraction, aesthetic pleasure and amazement. Natural museums are used for recreation, travel or sports facilities, parks, they are also scientific research laboratories⁶. An example of this is the ancient paintings in the mountains of our republic. A. Humbold called such places "memorials, sculptures of nature". Ecological nurseries (nurseries) - ecological nurseries are organized by states and international nature protection organizations under special natural conditions and in a special regime for the preservation and breeding of rare animal species that are listed in the international "Red Book" and are on the verge of complete extinction. will be done. In our country, the international "Jayron" nursery in the Bukhara region and the "Saykhun nature reserve" in the Tashkent region are equivalent to the status of a nursery and operate at the level of international requirements for nature protection. In 1976, for the first time in the republic, a nursery specializing in raising gazelles was established in the Bukhara region on an area of ​​5145 ha⁷. In 1989, the nursery was transformed into a republic scientific and production center for the breeding of rare animal species - "Jayron" eco-center and joined the State Nature Committee. "Jayron" eco-center is a world-wide unique facility specializing in the preservation and breeding of rare and endangered animal species. When it was founded in 1977, the eco-center was called "Bukhara gazelle breeding nursery" and 42 gazelles, 4 kulans and saigas were bred there. Later, Khangul (Bukhara deer), cheetah, and yorga-tuvaloq, included in the international and national Red Books, were also raised there. The nursery was assigned the task of breeding gazelles, studying their biology and rational use of population resources. After receiving positive results, the kennel started breeding other rare species - kulon, Przhevalsky's horse, sable, there was also a herd of saigas. Due to the success in the field of expanding its activities and breeding animals, on 26.12.98, by the order of the Cabinet of Ministers, the kennel was turned into an eco-center "Jayron". The area of ​​the ecocenter is 7153 ha, of which 5145 ha is fenced with a metal fence to protect against poachers and predators. In the kennel, a system of volers was built, which allows to study animals in captivity and to feed the baby animals by hand when necessary. Currently, according to the 2007 census, the number of gazelles is 549, Przewalski's horses are 35, and kulons, which have disappeared in the nature of Uzbekistan, have reached 55. The work in the field of breeding gazelle is going on most successfully. During the period of operation of the ecocenter, it was possible to obtain 30 generations of animals bred in captivity. More than 200 gazelles, 5 Przhevalsky horses were sold to zoos and private collections, 822 gazelles were distributed, hunting products (gazelle) amounted to 128 heads. Currently, its area has been expanded to 7.1 thousand ha. The gazelle, Przhevalsky's horse, kulan, yorgatuvalok and other animals, included in the "Red Book" of Uzbekistan and the MSOP "Red Book" live in its territory. Work on breeding Bukhara sheep is being carried out at the "Jayron" eco-center. According to the latest estimate of the number of wild animals, there are 549 gazelles, 55 gazelles, 35 Przhevalsky horses, 9 Bukhara sheep and one morkhor. In April and August 2007, 15 gazelles were sent to the Moscow Zoo and the Tajikistan National Park, respectively. In 2007, 360 wild duck eggs were laid in the incubator at "Sayhun" nature farm, and 200 ducklings were hatched, 5 geese and 45 mallards were obtained naturally. 400 kg of cultured fish species were grown in the lake. Entrepreneurs have established two private nurseries in the Republic of Uzbekistan. This is the first promising direction in the transfer of protected animal or plant species to private ownership in Uzbekistan. 1. "Emirates Birds Breeding" LLC breeding nursery in Bukhara region (Peshku district) (2007). 2. Nursery of "Emirates Center for Conservation of Houbara" LLC for breeding yorga-tuvalok in Navoi region (Karmana). Organization of ecotourism resources and national parks in the world. Based on the nature, content, principles, goals and tasks of ecotourism, its main resources can be classified as follows: 1. Natural areas untouched by human economic activity. 2. Natural areas that have been partially affected by human economic activity, but the balance of the natural ecological environment has been preserved. 3. The water area of ​​oceans and seas not affected by human economic activity. 4. The water area of ​​oceans and seas partially affected by human economic activity, but the balance of the natural ecological environment has been preserved. 5. National parks in the countries of the world. 6. Nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature reserves in the countries of the world. 7. Ecological nurseries (ecological, biological nurseries) and natural order offices (zakazniks) in the countries of the world. The structural definitions of national parks consist of the following descriptions: • A set of natural complexes consisting of one or more ecological systems that are not affected by human economic activity; • Biodiversity of flora and fauna is protected due to the fact that it is of special scientific and practical interest due to its variety and special ethnic characteristics; • Local natural landscapes occupy only these areas and have their unique beauty; • Transformed into areas under special protection of the state for their ecological, geomorphological and aesthetic characteristics; • Access to the national park is allowed for the purpose of scientific research and nature study; • National parks (by decision of the states) can be used for recreation and tourism purposes. Countries around the world use their national parks in different ways. That is why it is necessary to know the organizational, economic and geographical characteristics of national parks in the world. National parks can be under state or private ownership. In addition, in some countries, national parks are given to international organizations⁸. By now, most of the national parks have been turned into state property. Establishment of national parks. In 1933, after the decision of the "Convention for the Protection of African Flora and Fauna" on national parks in London, the organization of national parks in the countries revived somewhat. Especially in African countries, many national parks and nature reserves were established in the 20th century. To this day, these national parks and nature reserves serve humanity as unique museums of nature. The largest national parks in Africa are established in the country of Zaire; Salonga Upemba, Maiko, Virunga. Kafue National Park in Zaire is home to the largest number of rhinos and hippos in the world. Legendary stone sculptures in Chile's International Easter Island National Park. In 1949, Ywange National Park was established in Zimbabwe. The Serengeti National Park in Tanzania is by far one of the most interesting and popular parks in the world. Aberdare, Kruger National Parks in central Kenya are home to 5 of Africa's largest wild animals. Japan is one of the countries that pay great attention to the creation of national parks. The most famous in this country is Mount Fuji - Fuji Hakone Izu National Park. Many national parks in India are also world-famous. The most famous of them is the Corbet National Park in the foothills of the Himalayas. Indian tiger and leopard are protected and bred in this national park. In Sri Lanka, GaI Oua National Park, where elephants, leopards and rare rare birds are protected, is on the UN list. Australia is one of the countries with the largest number of national parks. The largest number of crocodiles in the world is protected in Gagadu National Park in this country. "Crocodile" hotel in this national park is the only hotel built in the shape of a crocodile in the world. Tongario, Egmont, and Fiord Land national parks are well-known national parks in New Zealand. Great Britain is also one of the countries that increase the number of national parks and nature reserves. Garinghorn National Nature Reserve in the British Isles, the largest national park in Britain, covers an area of ​​26,000 hectares. Gran Paradiso, which is one of the largest national parks in the Alps, was organized by the initiative of the Italian state. In Germany, in 1969, two national parks, Berchtesgaden and Bavarian Forest, began their activities. Germany has 80 national parks, reserve national parks and nature reserves. In South America, national parks are established to preserve and protect nature in its natural state. Such a national park began to preserve and protect rare water turtles and aquatic species in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), where Charles Darwin conducted research.