Subject: tourist resource studies and planning of touristicexcursions course work theme: features of organizing tourism in specially protected natural areas of uz

1.2. Nature reserves of Uzbekistan
The territory of the nature reserve is strictly guarded with flora and fauna. Unique, unique natural landscapes are organized by the state in order to preserve and breed rare and endangered animal species. Human activities are prohibited in nature reserves. Only scientific research is allowed. The state reserves of Uzbekistan are the most strictly regulated type of protected natural areas, and are permanent protection zones established to protect certain plant and animal species and ecosystems. All economic activities are prohibited in the reserves (except for controlled scientific research). Reserves belong to category I of the classification of protected areas of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Many species of animals included in the "Red Book" are protected in the reserves of the republic: khangul, morkhor, Seversov sheep, blue sable, Turkestan lynx, large predatory birds, insects. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, 9 state nature reserves and 10 state nature reserves (zakaznik) were established48 (Table 4). These reserves are the main ecotourism objects in the development of ecotourism in our country. There are the following nature reserves in the Republic of Uzbekistan: Chotkal; Baday-tokai; Hisar; Ground; Zarafshon; Qizilqum; Nurota; Surkhan; Book. It is known from the table that nature reserves are located in all natural regions of the country in Uzbekistan. Nature itself has created for us the possibilities of effective use of such favorable potential and conditions in the development of ecotourism. We need to solve the issues of using our state nature reserves not only for international tourism, but also for domestic tourism. Chotkal Biosphere Reserve49 was established in 1947. It is part of the Ugom-Chotkal National Park and is located east of Tashkent and north of Angren. The total area is 35,724 ha, of which 6,586 ha are forests, 7,047 ha are fields, and 81 ha are ponds. The reserve is located in the western part of the Chotkal ridge in the Tashkent region. The purpose of the reserve is to preserve the mountain ecosystems of Western Tien-Shan and environmental monitoring. The flora of the Chotkal reserve has 1168 species and is typical for the region. 6 species endemic to the Reserve grow here. 28 types of reserve plants are included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 44 species of mammals, more than 230 species of birds, 16 species of reptiles and 2 species living in water and on land, more than 3 thousand species of invertebrates live here. One species of snake, 10 species of birds and three species of mammals were included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan⁹. Among the endangered lynx, blue woodpecker, forest squirrel, bats - small and large hawksbills and three-colored nightingales: taskara, black dove, and red-tailed hawk are included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Tajikistan. At the 9th meeting of the International Coordinating Council of the UNESCO MAB program, it was given the status of a biosphere. In 1993, it was included in the network of international biosphere reserves. Natural complexes that are of great importance for nature conservation, science and environmental education as part of the natural environment, common or rare landscape forms, or as places of conservation of plant and animal genetic resources in the status of a reserve protected area (land, underground resources, water, flora and fauna) has been protecting. 2. Hisar state reserve is located in the Kashkadarya region on the western slope of the Hisar ridge at an altitude of 1750 to 4349 m above sea level. It was established in 1983 as a result of the merger of two state reserves - Kyzilsuv and Miroqi reserves. Currently, this is the largest reserve in Uzbekistan. The total area is 80986 hectares. In 1987, the Kohitong State Reserve was merged with the Arol-Paygambar Reserve and was reorganized into the Surkhan State Reserve with a total area of ​​24,554 ha. The Kohitong area of ​​the reserve is characterized as a mountain-forest ecosystem. Its territory is located in the southwestern branches of the Pamir-Aloy mountain system of the Hisar ridge, at an altitude of 1,500 to 3,157 m above sea level. The territory of the reserve has many permanent and temporary watercourses that provide a well-developed hydrographic system consisting of numerous small streams. Currently, 269 species and 578 plants belonging to 55 families are registered in Kohitong, of which 23 plant species are included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The area occupied by terrestrial (forest, field, hill) plants is 16,620 ha (67.7%), the area occupied by stony slopes, spillways, slopes is 7,839 ha (31.9%), forests make up 9288 ha or 37.8% of the territory. The main forest-forming plant is Zarafshan fir. Currently, 1 type of fish, 2 types of amphibians, 26 types of reptiles, 74 types of birds and 23 types of mammals have been identified in Kohitong. 5. "Baday-tokai" state reserve was established in October 1971 as the sixth reserve in Uzbekistan and the first in Karakalpakstan in order to preserve the forest landscape and its fauna. The reserve was established in Beruniy and Kegayli districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan in order to preserve, protect and breed the Bukhara deer in the international "Red Book", which is endemic to the animal world of our country, in the groves of the right bank of Kuyiamu Darya. 91 species of birds live in the reserve, 18 of which are wintering birds. In 1975, 4 Bukhara deer were brought to the reserve, now their number has increased to 350. The reserve was turned into an international biosphere reserve under the UN development project in Uzbekistan. The area is 6462 ha, in particular, 3975 ha of forested land. Amudarya in Beruni and Kegayli districts 144145 located downstream. Forest groves occupy 70% of the area. The fauna includes more than 91 species of birds, 15 species of mammals and 15 species of fish. "Badaytokai" state reserve deals with the acclimatization of Bukhara deer (hongul), included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan, SITES II. 6. Zarafshan State Reserve was established in 1975 and is located in Samarkand region. Its territory starts from the peaks of Choponota and is a narrow ridge that stretches for 47 km along the right bank of the Zarafshan River. The width of the forest land is from 300 to 1500 m. The area of ​​the reserve is 2352 ha, of which 680 ha are covered with forest. The reserve was established for the purpose of preserving, protecting and breeding the most beautiful and unique hunting bird of our country - Zarafshan's warbler, medicinal shrub plant - chakanda, and orchard forests on the banks of the river. The purpose of creating the reserve is to restore and preserve the endangered beautiful Zarafshan pheasant, the valuable medicinal shrub - chakanda (oblepixa), and to carry out scientific research. About 300 types of plants grow in a relatively small area of ​​the reserve. 59 types of medicinal and 23 types of technical plants have been identified in the reserve. The fauna of the reserve is represented by 359 species, of which amphibians - 2, reptiles - 8, birds - 206, mammals - 24. There are 32 rare and endangered species. Since 1995, work on the breeding of khangul has been carried out in Zarafshan State Reserve. In 1996, 6 Bukhara deer were brought from the "Badaytokai" reserve to the Zarafshan state reserve. Currently, more than a hundred Khanguls live in the territory of the reserve. Forest and field ecosystems are separated in the reserve; the area not covered by forest is 56678.1 ha; there are pastures; 171 correspond to rivers and lakes; swamps 511 ha; spills on slopes and hillsides are 31,819 ha; there are roads, plows and cane fields. The main forest-forming plants of the reserve are spruces and hemispherical firs. In general, the plants in the protected area are typical for the mountains of Central Asia, and most of them are narrow endemic plants. According to some estimates, the total amount of vascular plant species is not less than 800-900. No less than 32 types of vascular plants grow in the territory of the reserve from rare species included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The animal world of the reserve is rich, diverse and includes almost all species characteristic of mountain forests. The reserve is home to 2 types of fish, 19 types of amphibians and reptiles, 103 types of nesting birds, and 28 types of mammals. In the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the polar bear, the lynx, the Turkestan lynx, the Iranian beaver, and the birds: the eagle, the bald eagle, the golden eagle, the golden eagle, and the little eagle are included. Osmontalash peak in the Kyzilsoy area is the highest point - more than 4000 m above sea level, and it is here that the Siberian sheep, ilvirs, wolverine and red sable live. Among the reptiles, there are suvilon, chiporilon, kalkantumshuk, kolvor, Turkestan agama and others. On the border with Tajikistan, one of the largest rivers of the reserve is located in the Oksuv basin, the highest peak of which is the Oqilon section. Its height ranges from 2500 to 4300 m above sea level. The largest Seversov glacier in Uzbekistan is located in this area. Hisar state reserve is part of the system of the State Committee for Nature Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan and is managed by the State Biological Control. 4. Nurota State Reserve is located in the south-west of the Republic of Uzbekistan, on the Nurota Ridge in Forish District, Jizzakh Region located in the central part. It was established in 1975. The area of ​​the reserve is 17,752 ha, of which 2,529 ha are covered with forest. The main goal of the reserve is to preserve the valuable species of walnut and protect the unique population of Seversov sheep. The flora of the reserve covers more than 600 (27 endemic) species. Earlier, the Nurota ridge was covered with spruce forests, but they were cut down in the last century. There are only about 30 spruces left in the reserve. The fauna of the reserve consists of 183 species, of which 13 species are included in the "Red Book" of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Nurota state reserve is part of the system of the General Directorate of Forestry under the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Management of the Republic of Uzbekistan and is managed by the Department of Reserves, National Natural Parks and Hunting Farms. Ancient rock paintings have been preserved in the Osrafsoi of the reserve. There are 1000-year-old fir trees in Mujrumsoy. In the villages of Ukhum, Sintobsoy, and Ustun, the places associated with the name of Alexander Makedonsky, 1000-year-old trees have been registered under state protection. 4. Surkhan state reserve is located in the northwestern part of Sherabad district of Surkhandarya region and consists of two independent areas: Arol-Pyghambar and Kohitong on the eastern slope of the mountain range. The Arol-Pyghambar region with a total area of ​​3,092 ha was included in the International "Red Book" and the "Red Book" of Uzbekistan in 1971 in order to preserve the Bukhara reindeer (Khongul) and grassland and forest ecosystems¹⁰. was established as a library.ancient traditions, art, culture and customs of the people living in this region.