SW(Final8/31) Written by Allan B. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov
Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript, p. 106
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Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript, p. 106 Я вспоминаю о Мейерхольде слишком часто. Чаще, чем нужно. Потому что мы теперь, можно сказать, соседи. Я часто проезжаю или прохожу мимо мемориальной доски. На доске высечено: "в этом доме жил Мейерхольд." А надо бы еще высечь: "и в этом доме зверски убили его жену." [Moved by someone from typescript page 108 and pasted in at the beginning of page 106 — Eds.] [1]928 году в Ленинграде я познакомился с Мейерхольдом. Всеволод Эмильевич позвонил мне по телефону и сказал: "С вами говорит Мейерхольд. Я хочу вас видеть. Если можете, приходите ко мне. Гостиница такая-то, номер такой-то." Не помню, о чем шла беседа. Помню только, что Всеволод Эмильевич спросил, не хочу ли я пойти к нему в театр. Я сразу ответил согласием. В скором времени я поехал в Москву и стал работать в театре Мейерхольда по музыкальной части. Но в том же году я ушел оттуда: было слишком много технической работы. Я не нашел себе применения, которое удовлетворило бы и меня и Всеволода Эмильевича, хотя вообще в этом театре мне было очень интересно. И самое замечательное – репетиции Мейерхольда. Когда он готовил свои новые спектакли, это было необыкновенно увлекательно, это было захватывающе. Sovetskaya Muzyka, 3, 1974, p. 54 Первая моя встреча с Всеволодом Эмильевичем Мейерхольдом произошла в Ленинграде в 1928 году. Он позвонил мне по телефону и сказал: «С вами говорит Мейерхольд. Я хочу вас видеть. Если можете, приходите ко мне. Гостиница такая- то, номер такой-то.» Я и пошел. Всеволод Эмильевич пригласил меня работать у него в театре. В скором времени я поехал в Москву и стал служить в театре Мейерхольда по музыкальной части. В том же году я ушел оттуда, так как не нашел себе променения, которое удовлетворило бы и меня и Всеволода Эмильевича, хотя вообще мне было интересно. И самый большой интерес вызывали репетиции Мейерхольда, они захватывали. 87 Моя работа в театре, собственно, заключалась в том, что я играл на рояле. Скажем, если в "Ревизоре" актриса по ходу действия исполняла романс Глинки, то я надевал на себя фрачок, выходил, как один из гостей, и садился за рояль Играл я также и в оркестре. Я жил у Всеволода Эмильевича на Новинском бульваре. Вечерами мы часто говорили о том, что нужно создать музыкальный спектакль. Тогда я много работал, сочиняя оперу "Нос." Как раз в это время у Всеволода Эмильевича на квартире случился большой пожар. Моя работа в театре, собственно, заключалась в том, что я играл на рояле. Скажем, если в «Ревизоре» в последнем акте актриса по ходу действия исполняла романс Глинки, то я надевал на себя фрачок, выходил на сцену как один из гостей и аккомпанировал актрисе. Играл я также в оркестре. Жил я у Всеволода Эмильевича на Новинском бульваре, много работал, сочинял оперу «Нос.» Как раз в это время на квартире у Всеволода Эмильевича случился большой пожар. Facsimile of ‘Iz vospominanii’, Sovetskaya Muzyka, 3, 1974, p. 54. 88 Facsimile of the Heikinheimo typescript, p. 106. 313 313 For a translation, cf. Brown, A Shostakovich Casebook, pp. 72–73. The facsimile of the top of page 106 of the Moscow typescript in A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 32, is identical to that in the Heikinheimo typescript (even with regard to extraneous lines and specks), except that the handwritten “1” of “1928” in paragraph 2 has been cut off during photocopying in the facsimile above. 89 Finally, let us consider the basic logic of Fay’s hypothesis regarding the recyclings. She suggests that Volkov had access to and knowingly recycled eight passages in Testimony. If that were true, how much more difficult would it have been for him to modify each and every one of those texts, like the Meyerhold one, to disguise their origin? Even a C-student in college, let alone high school, can paraphrase a text sufficiently to make it appear original or, at least, ‘less borrowed’. If Volkov had before him the other seven previously published articles, couldn’t he have reworked them as easily as the Meyerhold passage? Are we to believe that this ‘master forger’, who supposedly was able to mimic Shostakovich’s language so well as to fool the composer’s children, was unable, or simply forgot, to change most of the texts to disguise his ‘plagiarism’? d. Reverse Recycling In Shostakovich Reconsidered we first questioned if material originating from work on Testimony actually had been published elsewhere in advance of the memoirs. For example, were the reminiscences of Stravinsky and Meyerhold, first published in 1973 in I. F. Stravinsky: Stat’i i materialy, p. 7, and in 1974 in Sovetskaya Muzyka, respectively, recycled in Testimony or the other way around? By 1973–74, Shostakovich had already received from Volkov some of the pretyped text of the memoirs for examination. 314 Could he have simply given the book’s compiler, L. S. Dyachkova, or the journal’s editor material that was convenient and ‘at hand’, with or without Volkov’s knowledge? Fay finds such a notion unlikely; 315 however, in at least one other instance material originating from Testimony did, indeed, circulate first elsewhere. According to Anatoly Kuznetsov, Shostakovich’s reminiscence of Yudina contained in his Maria Veniaminovna Yudina: stati, vospominaniia, materialy (‘Maria Veniaminovna Yudina: Articles, Reminiscences, Materials’; Moscow, 1978) stems from the Volkov/Shostakovich conversations, which he not only knew about, but had no reason to doubt as a source of reliable information. 316 Notice the similarity between pp. 39–41 of this book, translated below, and pp. 51–58 of Testimony, even if the former underwent modification by the book’s general editor, Mr. Aksyuk, 317 and includes additional material. The parallels with Testimony are given in the footnotes: 314 As noted on p. 26, it is often overlooked that Shostakovich was allowed to examine portions of the text before it was typed in spring 1974. 315 Fay, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 42: ‘If we accept Ho and Feofanov’s explanations, we must be prepared to believe that Shostakovich himself surreptitiously copied Volkov’s transcribed texts without informing him, and then arranged for their publication’. Why, one wonders, is this so difficult to believe? These were, after all, Shostakovich’s words and he had every right to publish them wherever he pleased. 316 Wilson pp. 36–37, also includes some of this material, but does not mention that it originated from the Volkov/Shostakovich sessions or that it closely follows passages in Testimony. 317 Email from Denis Plutalov, 28 June 2005, a close friend of Kuznetsov, who relayed this information from the latter. 90 In 1921, in the class of Leonid Vladimirovich Nikolayev, my piano teacher, there was an amazing graduation: Yudina and Sofronitsky. Their graduate recital in the Small Hall of the Conservatory — was one of the strongest musical impressions of my youth. The Small Hall was filled to capacity, everyone felt a special atmosphere, holiday high spirits, without hysterics. The success of the graduates (both Sofronitsky and Yudina played, if I remember, the B minor sonata by Liszt, and Sofronitsky played first — Nikolayev’s students always played in strict alphabetical order) was extraordinary. Prolonged ovation — I would say, intelligent prolonged ovation — nothing compared to the success of some cheap tenor. 318 Nikolayev presented Yudina and Sofronitsky as examples to other pupils. ‘Listen — he told me — how Marusya plays this piece’. 319 (He called Yudina Marusya, and Sofronitsky — Vova, or Vovochka.) ‘Just listen, how she plays four-part fugues — each voice has its own timbre’. I listened: true, every voice had its own timbre, although theoretically it appeared impossible. 320 Maria Veniaminovna played Bach superbly. Sometimes she and I played four hands. The deal was, our professor was often late: he would schedule a class, suppose, for eleven, but he would come at three, or sometimes at four. Students, for the most part, would run away — it was a hard time, and we had other troubles. I and Maria Veniaminovna were the most insistent of students: we would get scores from the library and would sight-read, waiting for Nikolayev. 321 I remember, we played Taneyev’s prelude and fugue in G-sharp minor in four hands. Yudina sight-read it without difficulty, even though it was a fairly difficult work. I showed her my works, for piano and others. Maria Veniaminovna rather liked them. On her part, she introduced me to the piano music of Křenek, Hindemith, and Bartok. The F-sharp minor piano concerto of Křenek in her interpretation I rather liked; once or twice I with pleasure played the second piano for her. 322 318 Testimony, pp. 57–58: ‘In 1921 they [Yudina and Sofronitsky] were graduating from the Conservatory and both were playing Liszt’s B Minor Sonata. Their recitals were a sensation [. . .].’ 319 Ibid., p. 51: ‘Nikolayev often said to me, “Go and listen to how Marusya plays”. (He called her Marusya [. . .])’; p. 57: ‘Nikolayev’s other favorite student was Vladimir Sofronitsky, whom Nikolayev called Vovochka’. 320 Ibid., p. 51: ‘“Go and listen. In a four-voice fugue, every voice has its own timbre when she plays”. / That seemed astounding — could it be possible? I would go and listen, hoping, naturally, to find that the professor was wrong, that it was just wishful thinking. Most astounding was that when Yudina played, each of the four voices really had its own timbre, difficult as that is to imagine’. 321 Ibid., p. 51: ‘The times were hard, even the teachers didn’t make much effort. [. . . ] it was cold at the Conservatory, there was no heat, so Nikolayev came up with this solution — he came late. The students would tire of waiting and leave. But I sat and waited. / Sometimes another stubborn student, Yudina, and I would get four-hand transcriptions from the library and play to pass the time’. 322 Ibid., p. 53: ‘I showed Yudina my works [. . .]. It was Yudina, after all, who introduced us to the piano music of Křenek, Hindemith, and Bartók. She learned Křenek’s Piano Concerto in F minor [sic] and it 91 Yudina played Liszt wonderfully — those small works of his, where Liszt placed notes with unusual for him scarcity, such as Les Cloches des Genève (the best, I think, of his piano works). 323 She really understood Beethoven. I was particularly amazed by her performance of the last Beethoven sonata, in C minor. Listening to the second movement — very difficult for comprehension — it was impossible to relax even for a second. By the way, it was Yudina who suggested to me to learn Opus 106, the famous Hammerklavier. ‘Why do you keep playing Moonlight or Appassionata — she chastised me once — learn the Hammerklavier!’ Nikolayev agreed; before the time I brought the work to this class, I showed it several times to Yudina. 324 Maria Veniaminovna was a very kind and pure person, but, I suppose, probably not very happy. In essence, she was very lonely. 325 In her performance, everything depended on the emotional condition. When I tried to ascertain the reasons for her interpretation of this or that, she inevitably answered: ‘I feel it this way, this way is more convincing’. 326 During my studies with Nikolayev, Yudina was one of my idols. Sometimes I tried to imitate her in performance — if she does a ritenuto somewhere — this means, I too would do it in that spot. Much later I understood that I was probably going along the wrong way. I should not have copied particular tricks or colors, but tried to learn something more all encompassing. But even this youthful imitation was good for me — after all, I imitated such a mature master as was in the conservatory years Maria Veniaminovna Yudina. made a great impression on me in her interpretation. / [. . .] In those days, I remember, I enjoyed playing second piano for Yudina . . . .’ 323 Ibid., p. 52: ‘Yudina was wonderful at those Liszt pieces that didn’t have quite so many notes, for instance, “Les Cloches de Genève”, which I think is his best piano work’. 324 Ibid., p. 52: ‘Once Yudina stung me rather badly. I had learned Beethoven’s Moonlight and Appassionata Sonatas and I performed them often, particularly the Appassionata. And Yudina said to me, “Why do you keep playing them? Take on the Hammerklavier”. / I was hurt by the mockery and I went to Nikolayev, who agreed to let me learn the Hammerklavier. Before bringing it to Nikolayev, I played it for Yudina several times, because she had a marvelous understanding of Beethoven. I was especially impressed by her performance of Beethoven’s last sonata, opus 111. The second part is extremely long and extremely boring, but when Yudina played I didn’t seem to notice’. 325 Ibid., p. 51: ‘Yudina was a strange person, and very much a loner’. 326 Ibid., p. 53: ‘[. . .] there were some interpretations that I didn’t understand and when I asked her about these I usually got the reply, “I feel it that way”’. 92 e. Correction Tape In A Shostakovich Casebook, Fay calls attention to shadow lines in two recycled passages in the Moscow typescript that she interprets as ‘correction tape’ intended to hide ‘a temporal reference that would allow a reader to infer the date when the reminiscences were originally produced’. She claims that the missing sentence on the first page of Chapter 6 (typescript page 250) reads, ‘I am sincerely happy that the 100th anniversary of his [Chekhov’s] birth is attracting anew to him the attention of all progressive humanity’, and that that on the first page of Chapter 5 (typescript page 211) reads, ‘After all, nearly thirty years had passed since the days of its [Katerina Izmailova’s] composition’. 327 Although it is true that these gaps appear not only in the Moscow typescript, but also in the one circulated by Heikinheimo, signs of correction tape or missing text were not mentioned or recalled by anyone who examined and worked with the original typescript in 1979. As noted earlier, Orlov, after examining a different Russian text than the Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript, stated that there are ‘no alterations or even slight corrections’. One also has to question the logic of Fay’s speculation. Supposedly, Volkov copied earlier articles by Shostakovich, pretending to be compiling them for a new publication, and showed these to the composer to obtain his approval. Then Volkov kept just the first pages of these old articles (those with Shostakovich’s signatures), disposed of the remainder, and continued each chapter with his own original text. There are a number of problems with this: (1) No evidence has been found that Volkov was ever working on a compilation of Shostakovich’s earlier articles; (2) Litvinova has reported what Shostakovich told her about his collaboration with a young Leningrad musicologist, whom no one disputes was Volkov. No mention was made of work on a compilation; (3) The text of Testimony was typed only in spring 1974. If Volkov were planning to tamper with it, wouldn’t he have decided to do so before that late date and, if so, why would he include sentences that he would later have to cover up with ‘correction tape’? (4) Although Fay does not mention it, many such shadow lines and corrections appear elsewhere in the Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript (e.g., on pages 001, 039, 070, 326, 328, 333, 334, 335, 339, 343, 344, 345, 353, and 354). Until the original typescript becomes available, we and Fay can only guess about what was changed; 327 Fay, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 30. 93 (5) If the ‘correction tape’ mentioned by Fay does hide inappropriate ‘temporal references’, why didn’t Volkov simply black them out with a broad-tipped marker, as someone did elsewhere in the Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript (e.g., on pages 063, 122, 123, 220, 223, 236, 293, 298, 326, 335, 352, 353, and 390)? And finally, (6) Consider the recycled passage in Chapter 4. In the earlier article, Shostakovich writes, ‘I have been working on Lady Macbeth for almost two and a half years’, whereas the Testimony typescript reads, ‘I worked on “Lady Macbeth” for almost three years’. Clearly, a change in temporal reference is evident here, with no signs of correction tape or other alteration. Equally as clear, Volkov could have similarly corrected or removed inappropriate temporal references in Chapters 5 and 6 before the text was typed and still have obtained Shostakovich’s approval. Again, are we to believe that Volkov remembered to ‘fix’ the passage about Lady Macbeth, then was unable, or simply forgot, to fix the other two before having the manuscript typed? f. Lengths of the Recyclings In earlier sections, we raised questions about the accuracy and completeness of the Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript, noting that while it may be derived from the original Russian text, it includes changes that were neither mentioned nor later recognized by people who examined that material in 1979. Until the original typescript becomes available, questions will remain, for example, about where the page break occurs at the end of the first page of Chapter 3 (typescript page 106), about Meyerhold. In A Shostakovich Casebook, mention is made that the first paragraph has been pasted in from typescript page 108; no mention is made, however, that the first paragraph on the next page, 107, also appears to have been pasted in, as evidenced by the misaligned margins. Was this paragraph originally at the bottom of page 106 and displaced when the new paragraph was added? Where exactly is the page break in the original typescript? Chapter 7 (typescript page 326; facsimile below), about Musorgsky, also displays significant signs of having been altered. The first line does not have the normal indentation, but instead begins 1 1/2 inches from the right-hand margin, suggesting that this paragraph, too, may have been moved from elsewhere or somehow changed. If so, did these eight lines displace the original text and alter the page break? Is the page break in the Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript the same as in the original? 94 Facsimile of the Heikinheimo typescript, p. 326. 95 Upon examining Chapter 7 of the Heikinheimo/Moscow typescript, Heddy Pross- Weerth noted that it corresponds with the German version, too, although the condition in which the manuscript is in may give reasons for such a speculation. [. . .] Quite strange is the fact that in the Moscow manuscript the text is divided into many small paragraphs. In the German translation, many of the paragraphs are fragmented this way to three or four parts. I’m almost sure that this does not occur in my [Russian] version, but I’m not able to verify this [having returned the Russian typescript after translating it — Eds.]. 328 Brown is correct in noting that the verbatim and near-verbatim recycling in the eight passages in question usually spans a single page, and that afterwards the texts diverge, sometimes considerably. Why would this be so? When asked about this, Volkov could only speculate that he began chapters with material from the beginnings of sessions, and that Shostakovich, in ‘warming up’, may have repeated some of his previously published words. He again affirmed that he was not aware of any of these earlier published texts and that everything in Testimony came from Shostakovich’s mouth. Could it merely be coincidence that the recycled material ends near a page break, sometimes in mid-sentence and sometimes running briefly onto the next page? Critics of Testimony, of course, will find this difficult to accept. But consider the following. Volkov does not type, 329 so how did he control the page breaks in the typescript? Why also would Volkov want to limit the recycled material to just one page? Are we to believe that he was so eager to put his own words into Shostakovich’s mouth that he would even break-off from the earlier text in mid-sentence? Why not continue the recycling a paragraph or two onto the next page, just in case someone checked? And why does the text on the second page of chapters sometimes deviate considerably from the earlier article and sometimes continue to follow it, albeit less verbatim? It is worth noting that Brown, in comparing the beginning of Chapter 7 with Shostakovich’s earlier article about Musorgsky, ends at the top of typescript page 327 (i.e., after just one page). Had he continued further, he would have noticed additional parallels between the texts, as demonstrated in Shostakovich Reconsidered, pp. 201–5. Unfortunately, when the texts do diverge considerably, Brown does not ponder whether these differences reflect actual changes in the composer’s views, many of which have now been corroborated elsewhere. As noted on pp. 98–100 below, the criticism of Boris Asafiev in Chapter 7 is understandable given Shostakovich’s private views of him, which 328 Letter from Pross-Weerth, 16 June 2004 (facsimile on p. 70 above): ‘Auch der Text von Kapitel 7 entspricht der deutschen Fassung, obwohl der Zustand des Manuskripts die Vermutung nahelegt. [. . .] / Befremdlich ist im Moskauer Manuskript die Unterteilung in viele, kleine Absätze. Oft ist in der deutschen Übersetzung ein einziger Absatz drei bis vier Mal unterteilt. Ob das in meiner Textvorlage auch der Fall ist, bezweifle ich sehr, kann es ja aber leider nicht nachprüfen’. 329 Shostakovich session, Mannes College of Music, 1999. This is consistent with his 1979 statement that he ‘had the text typed’, rather than typing it himself (Testimony, p. xvii). Volkov to this day writes his letters and books by hand or by dictation; when necessary, others type his materials for him. 96 obviously could not be expressed in an article published in 1941. Even Fay acknowledges that their relationship deteriorated after May 1926 and that later there was no love lost between them. 330 Curiously, Fay elsewhere seems to reject the idea that the composer could change his views over time. She questions how Shostakovich could protest about comments made about Glazunov in Sol Hurok’s reminiscences of 1959, then twelve years later, paint an ‘expansive and comparatively affectionate portrait’ of that composer that ‘dwells cruelly on Glazunov’s human weaknesses, his drinking problem, his dependencies, his infantilism’. 331 Clearly, Testimony does not show Shostakovich as a two-dimensional figure, contrary to its critics, but as one whose tastes, opinions, and relationships changed over the years. As noted in Shostakovich Reconsidered, what appears to some as contradictions actually reflects the composer’s real and evolving opinions. Marina Sabinina, when asked ‘what was Shostakovich like in the 1970s when Volkov talked with him?’ responded: ‘Gloomy, reserved, and unsociable. Completely different than he’d been in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s’. 332 And in Dmitry Shostakovich: v pis’makh i dokumentakh, p. 510, mention is made that ‘at the very end of his life Dmitry Dmitriyevich, understanding that he does not have much time to live, clearly felt the need to talk more candidly’. 333 Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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