Table of contents Предисловие Tasks for seminars Sentences and extracts for analysis

Irony – a specific arrangement of the context reversing the direction of evaluation implied in the dictionary meaning of a word.
Italics – a change of type, printing of the sloping kind of letters.
Litotes – a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a positive evaluation.
Metaphor – transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects.
Metonomy – transference of names based on common grounds of existence in reality.
Multiplication – a repetition of a grapheme (letter of a word).
Nonsense of non-sequence – an extension of syntactical valency that results in joining two semantically disconnected clauses into one sentence.
Onomatopoeia –a use of words whose sounds imitate those of the signified object or action.
Oxymoron – a combination of two words (mostly an adjective and a noun or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite in sense.
Ordinary repetition – a repetition in various positions without definite order.
One-member sentence – a sentence consisting only of a nominal group, which is semantically and communicatively self-sufficient.
Parallel constructions – a reiteration of the structure of several successive sentences (clauses).
Periphrasis – a usage of a roundabout way of expression instead of a simpler one.
Personification – transference of names based on the associated likeness between inanimate and animate objects.
Polysyndeton – a repeated use of conjunctions.
Pun – a deliberate usage of one word-form in two meanings.
Rhetorical question – a peculiar interrogative construction which semantically remains a statement.
Semantically false chain – a number of homogeneous members, semantically disconnected, but attached to the same word, mostly a verb – a variation of zeugma.
Simile – an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects belonging to two different classes connected by link words “like”, “as”, “as though”, “as…as”, etc. or by notional words, mostly verbs, implying comparison ( a disguised simile).