Text, it is perceived as a full replacement of the original. In this case, the receptors perceiving the translated text will consider it to be completely identical to the original text

 
GALAXY INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL (GIIRJ) 
ISSN (E): 2347-6915 
Vol. 9, Issue 12, Dec. (2021) 
570
2) Optional equivalence appears when there is a one-to-many ratio: so the English word anxiety 
corresponds to the Russian variants of anxiety, anxiety, fear, fear, concern, apprehension, 
longing desire. 
3) Textually, normative equivalence is responsible for compliance with the norm in relation to 
a certain type of text, since texts of various types (scientific, journalistic, legal, etc.) have their 
own translation characteristics. 
4) Pragmatic (communicative) equivalence is similar to the type of dynamic equivalence 
identified by Nayda. It focuses on the receptor of the message and the effect of the text on it. 
5) Formal equivalence, despite the coincidence of the name with a similar term by Eugene Nida, 
has a different meaning in this classification. It is connected with the preservation of such 
formal features of the original as puns, puns, and the author's design of the characters' speech. 
This theory is good for studying the translation result, as it looks at it from different angles and 
shows its versatility. However, the absence of a single criterion, grounds for such a division 
does not allow attributing this classification to strictly scientific. In this regard, the varieties of 
equivalence identified by V. Koller intersect with each other. 
Another German scientist, a representative of the Leipzig School, Otto Kade presented a system 
consisting of four clearly delineated types of equivalence. 
1) Full equivalence is a rarely achievable equivalence of absolutely identical terms, which is 
possible only when using terms in narrow areas. 
2) Optional equivalence appears when there is a one-to-many ratio: so the English word anxiety 
corresponds to the Russian variants of anxiety, anxiety, fear, fear, concern, apprehension, 
longing desire. 
3) Approximate equivalence is a one-to-one ratio. This type corresponds to the ratio of the 
English adjective blue and the Russian blue / blue. 
4) Zero equivalence occurs when translation of culturally oriented words is required, such as 
English wicket or Russian balalaika. 
Otto Kade was the first to introduce the concept of "potential equivalents", from which the 
translator selects the "optimal equivalent" in a specific situation. The disadvantages of this 
theory include the atomistic linguistic approach, since equivalence is considered only at the 
level of individual words [Kade 1968]. 
СONCLUSION 
The article considered only some of the main approaches to understanding the structure of the 
category of equivalence. Analysis of the material shows that this category is heterogeneous, it 
can be divided into different types, types, levels. The use of this or that approach in practice 
will be determined by the specific goals and objectives of the translator. 
But you can briefly define the meaning of the concept as follows: Equivalence characterizes the 
identity of the translated texts and the original at the semantic, communicative, linguistic or 
structural levels, depending on the goals for which the translation activity is carried out. 
Scientists R. Jacobson, J. Naida, W. Koller consider equivalence as or as levels lying in the same 
plane. A.D.Shveitser, V.N.Komissarov represent the concept as a hierarchy.

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