The Classification of Words

§ 415. Let us compare the following pairs of sentences:
Come Do come -
He came He did come
I'll see him I shall see him
It's raining ft is raining
The sentences above can be regarded as opposemes of the category of expressiveness. The two particular meanings are those of 'emphatic' and 'non-emphatic' expressiveness.
'Non-emphatic' expressiveness has a zero form, whereas 'emphasis' is expressed by a strong accent on a word-morpheme (morphological or syntactical). In sentences like He did come a special syntactical word-morpheme is placed before the notional verb to receive the stress.,¹.
Combinations of Sentences
§ 416. The sentence is usually the limit of grammatical analysis. Conrbinations of sentences have never got adequate attention on the part of linguists. Yet the necessity of extending linguistic analysis beyond the bounds of the sentence has of late been frequently emphasized. ^2
1 H. Gleason writes: "The difference between The boy ran away
and The boy did run away is not a matter of the presence or the absence
of did. Only of the stress position. Did is there only to provide a meaning­
less carrier for that stress in the required position If anything else
were available did would not occur. Compare The boy will run away.
The boy will run away". (Op cit p 174—175).
² See K. Pike, op. cit., p 30- "We are forced to insist that linguistic
analysis must take as part of its essential domain the treatment of
units larger than the sentence. Without these higher-level units there
are not available adequate matrices for determining sentences themselves."
See also Z. Harris. Structural Linguistics. Preface for the Fourth Impression: "Exact linguistic analysis does not go beyond the limits of a sentence: the stringent demands of its procedures are not satisfied by the relations between the sentence and its neighbors, or between parts of one sentence and parts of its neighbors. There are however structural features which extend over longer stretches of each connected