The domestication of horses reading answers

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The domestication of horses reading answers
You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 6 to 11 are not shown in this preview. Call us not weeds; we are flowers of the sea.Section A Seaweed is a particularly nutritious food, which absorbs and concentrates traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the body's health. Many elements may occur in seaweed - aluminium, barium, calcium, chlorine,
copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few - traces normally produced by erosion and carried to the seaweed beds by river and sea currents. Seaweeds are also rich in vita​mins: indeed, Eskimos obtain a high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds they eat.The nutritive value of seaweed has long been recognised. For
instance, there is a remarkably low incidence of goitre amongst the Japanese, and for that mat​ter, amongst our own Maori people, who have always eaten seaweeds, and this may well be attributed to the high iodine content of this food. Research into old Maori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds, fresh fruit and nuts, fuchsia
and tutu berries, cape gooseberries, and many other fruits which either grew here naturally or were sown from seeds brought by settlers and explorers.Section BNew Zealand lays claim to approximately 700 species of seaweed, some of which have no representation outside this country. Of several species grown worldwide, New Zealand also has a
particularly large share. For example, it is estimated that New Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina, a close relative of carrageen or Irish moss.
These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens. The gel-forming substance called agar which can be extracted from this species gives them great commercial application in seameal, from which seameal custard is made, and in cough mixture, confectionery, cosmetics, the canning, paint and leather industries, the manufacture of
duplicating pads, and in toothpaste. In fact, during World War II, New Zealand Gigartina were sent toAustralia to be used in toothpaste.Section CYet although New Zealand has so much of the commercially profitable red sea​weeds, several of which are a source of agar (Pterocladia, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gigartina), before 1940 relatively little use was
made of them.
New Zealand used to import the Northern Hemisphere Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) from England and ready-made agar from Japan. Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas according to species, it is only on the east coast of the North Island that its occurrence is rare. And even then, the east coast, and the area around
Hokiangna, have a considerable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also available. Happily, New Zealand-made agar is now obtainable in health food shops.Section DSeaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour - red, brown and green - and each tends to live in a specific location. However, except for the
unmistakable sea lettuce (Ulva), few are totally one colour; and especially when dry, some species can change colour quite significantly - a brown one may turn quite black, or a red one appear black, brown, pink or purple.Identification is nevertheless facilitated by the fact that the factors which de​termine where a seaweed will grow are quite precise,
and they therefore tend to occur in very well-defined zones. Although there are exceptions, the green seaweeds are mainly shallow-water algae; the browns belong to medium depths, and the reds are plants of the deeper water.
Flat rock surfaces near mid-level tides are the most usual habitat of sea bombs, Venus’ necklace and most brown seaweeds. This is also the location of the purple laver or Maori karengo, which looks rather like a reddish-purple lettuce. Deep-water rocks on open coasts, exposed only at very low tide, are usually the site of bull kelp, strap weeds and
similar tough specimens. Those species able to resist long periods of exposure to the sun and air are usually found on the upper shore, while those less able to stand such exposure occur nearer to or below the low-water mark. Radiation from the sun, the temperature level, and the length of time immersed all play a part in the zoning of
seaweeds.Section EPropagation of seaweeds occurs by spores, or by fertilisation of egg cells.
None have roots in the usual sense; few have leaves, and none have flowers, fruits or seeds. The plants absorb their nourishment through their fronds when they are surrounded by water: the base or "holdfast" of seaweeds is purely an attaching organ, not an absorbing one.Section FSome of the large seaweeds maintain buoyancy with air-filled floats;
others, such as bull kelp, have large cells filled with air. Some, which spend a good part of their time exposed to the air, often reduce dehydration either by having swollen stems that contain water, or they may (like Venus' necklace) have | swollen nodules, or they may have distinctive shape like a sea bomb. Others, like the sea cactus, are filled with
slimy fluid or have coating of mucilage on % the surface. In some of the larger kelps, this coating is not only to keep the plant moist but also to protect it from the violent action of waves.
WRITING 1. Complete the table with the information. Some answers can be used more than once. Academic Writing test: Task Word count Time (minutes) Task description 1 2 250, 150, 40, Describing visual information, Writing an essay, 40 2. What makes a good writer?
Look at the question and some example parts of what a candidate wrote to answer it. Question: In many countries people are eating more and more unhealthy food. What are the causes of this and what can be done about it? One of the reasons why the number of people eating food that is less nutritious is increasing is that there is so much fast food
available nowadays. Another factor is that this type of food is often very affordable and, as a result of price and availability, more and more of it is consumed. One possible solution could be to increase the amount of education about food and health given in schools. This would help people to make more informed choices about what they eat, both as
children and as adults. Think about what makes the writing good and write your ideas.
3. In the IELTS Writing test, candidates are assessed in four areas: Task response / achievement Coherence and cohesion Lexical resource Grammatical range and accuracy. Match the assessment criteria and the definitions. A This refers to the candidate’s ability to organise and link ideas clearly. B This refers to the candidate’s ability to produce a
variety of correct sentences. C This refers to the candidate’s ability to use a range of appropriate vocabulary. D This refers to the candidate’s ability to give a full, detailed answer.
4. Look at each the assessment criteria and assess the answer above 5. Look at the assessment criteria and the candidate problems. Put the problems in the correct group. Learners don’t order ideas logically.
Learners find it difficult to link sentences.
Learners find it difficult to write very much. Learners don’t explain their ideas. Learners only use very simple structures.
Learners make a lot of grammatical mistakes. Learners have problems with spelling words. Learners have very little vocabulary. 6. What makes language appropriate or inappropriate for different writing situations? Read the texts below and choose whether each is formal or informal. It is generally accepted that the majority of children learn to
express their ideas through face-to-face communication with their parents and peers. However, it seems that in the modern world this kind of contact is diminishing and, according to the results of numerous studies, this can create problems later in life. Most people think that most kids learn to talk by chatting to their mum and dad, mates etc. But I
read somewhere that the chance to do this is getting less now and it turns out that this makes things hard for them when they’re older. Isn’t that terrible? I think it’s awful. You will notice that there are certain things to avoid in more formal, academic writing. These include: informal words and expressions, such as kids and getting less. contractions,
such as they’re. abbreviations, such as etc. informal phrasal verbs, such as turns out. vague expressions, such as somewhere and things.
overuse of personal pronouns, such as I. questions to the reader, such as Isn’t that terrible? emotional responses, such as I think it’s awful. Give your examples of formal language. IELTS Academic Reading Test Wolves, dogs and humans There is no doubt that dogs are the oldest of all species tamed by humans and their domestication was based on a
mutually beneficial relationship with man. The conventional view is that the domestication of wolves began between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. However, a recent ground-breaking paper by a group of international geneticists has pushed this date back by a factor of 10.
Led by Dr. Robert Wayne, at the University of California, Los Angeles, the team showed that all dog breeds had only one ancestor, the wolf. They did this by analysing the genetic history through the DINA of 162 wolves from around the world and 140 domestic dogs representing 67 breeds. The research also confirms, for the first time, that dogs are
descended only from wolves and do not share DNA with coyotes or jackals.
The fact that our companionship with dogs now appears to go back at least 100,000 years means that this partnership may have played an important part in the development of human hunting techniques that developed 70,000 to 90,000 years ago.
It also may even have affected the brain development in both species. The Australian veterinarian David Paxton suggests that in that period of first contact, people did not so much domesticate wolves as wolves domesticated people.
Wolves may have started living at the edge of human settlements as scavengers, eating scraps of food and waste. Some learned to live with human beings in a mutually helpful way and gradually evolved into dogs. At the very least, they would have protected human settlements, and given warnings by barking at anything approaching. The wolves that
evolved into dogs have been enormously successful in evolutionary terms. They are found everywhere in the inhabited world, hundreds of millions of them. The descendants of the wolves that remained wolves are now sparsely distributed, often in endangered populations. IELTS Academic Reading Test In return for companionship and food, the early
ancestor of the dog assisted humans in tracking, hunting, guarding and a variety of other activities. Eventually humans began to selectively breed these animals for specific traits. Physical characteristics changed and individual breeds began to take shape.
As humans wandered across Asia and Europe, they took their dogs along, using them for additional tasks and further breeding them for selected qualities that would better enable them to perform specific duties. According to Dr. Colin Groves, of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at Australian National University, early humans came to
rely on dogs’ keen ability to hear, smell and see – allowing certain areas of the human brain to shrink in size relative to oilier areas. ‘Dogs acted as human’s alarm systems, trackers and hunting aids, garbage disposal facilities, hot-water bottles and children’s guardians and playmates. Humans provided dogs with food and security. This symbiotic
relationship was stable for over 100,000 years and intensified into mutual domestication,’ said Dr. Groves.
In his opinion, humans domesticated dogs and dogs domesticated humans. IELTS Academic Reading Test Dr. Groves repealed an assertion made as early as 1914 that humans have some of the same physical characteristics as domesticated animals, the most notable being decreased brain size. The horse experienced a 16 percent reduction in brain
size after domestication while pigs’ brains shrank by as much as 34 percent. The estimated brain-size reduction in domesticated dogs varies from 30 percent to 10 percent. Only in the last decade have archaeologists uncovered enough fossil evidence to establish that brain capacity in humans declined in Europe and Africa by at least 10 percent
beginning about 10,000 years ago. Dr. Groves believes this reduction may have taken place as the relationship between humans and dogs intensified. The close interaction between the two species allowed for the diminishing of certain human brain functions like smell and hearing. Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the views of the
writer of the passage? Write: YES – if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO – if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN – if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. The co-existence of wolves and humans began 10,000 years ago. 2. Dogs, wolves, jackals and coyotes share a common ancestor.
3. Wolves are a protected species in most parts of the world. 4. Dogs evolved from wolves which chose to live with humans. 5. Dogs probably influenced the development of human hunting skills. IELTS Academic Reading Test Questions 6-8 Choose the correct letter A-D. 6. How do we know that dogs have been more successful in evolutionary terms
than wolves?
A. Dogs can be trained more easily than wolves. B. Wolves are stronger than dogs. C. Humans prefer dogs to wolves. D. There are more dogs than wolves today. 7. As a result of domestication, the size of the human brain has … A. increased. B. decreased C. stayed the same. D. become more complex. 8. What can we infer from the studies of brain size
and domestication? A. Domestic life is less demanding than surviving in the wild. B. Animals like living with humans. C. Domestication has made animals physically weaker.
D. Pigs are less intelligent than dogs. IELTS Academic Reading Test Question 9 Choose TWO WORDS from the passage for the answer. There are many different types of dogs today, because, in early times humans began to (9)………….. their animals for the characteristics they wanted. Questions 10-14 Match one of the researchers (A-C) to each of
the findings (10-14) below. A. Dr. Wayne B. Dr. Paxton C. Dr. Groves (10)……….. studied the brain size of domesticated animals (11)……….. claims that wolves chose to interact with humans (12)……….. established a new time frame for domestication of wolves (13)……….. believes that dogs and humans domesticated each other (14)……….. studied
the DNA of wolves and dogs. IELTS Academic Reading Test ANSWERS ARE BELOW SEE MORE POSTS>> IELTS Academic Reading Test ANSWERS 1. NO 2. NO 3. NOT GIVEN 4. YES 5. YES 6. D 7. B 8.
A 9. SELECTIVELY BREED 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A IELTS Academic Reading Test Clicking on content like buttons will cause content on this page to change. Items will update when they are liked.Kevin Harrell@KevinHarrell277how did horses live before domestication, the domestication of horses reading answers ielts, the domestication of
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