The domestication of horses reading answers

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The domestication of horses reading answers
The domestication of horses reading answers with explanation. The domestication of horses reading answers passage 1. The domestication of horses reading answers ielts. The domestication of horses reading
answers with location.
2008. These data support domestication of the horse between about 3500-3000 BC sites in what is today Kazakhstan.
The horses may have been kept for food and milk, rather than riding or load-bearing. The modern domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is today spread throughout the world and among the most diverse creatures on the planet. 2013) reported on a metapodial horse fossil which had been found in permafrost within a Middle Pleistocene context in the
Yukon territory of Canada and dated between 560,00-780,000 years ago. Accepted archaeological evidence of horseback riding includes bit wear on horse teeth—that has been found in the steppes east of the Ural mountains at Botai and Kozhai 1 in modern Kazakhstan, around 3500-3000 BC. Bendrey R. Sommer RS, Benecke N, Lõugas L, Nelle O,
and Schmölcke U.
2009. See Bower et al for additional information. Horse races in the 17th and 18th centuries ran 3,200-6,400 meters (2-4 miles), and horses were usually five or six years old. Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, and Evershed RP. In addition, Przewalski's horse diverged from the breeds which became domestic
some 38,000-72,000 years ago, confirming the long-held belief that Przewalski's is the last remaining wild horse species. Thoroughbreds are a specific breed of horse, all of whom today are descended from the children of one of three foundation stallions: Byerley Turk (imported to England in the 1680s), Darley Arabian (1704) and Godolphin Arabian
(1729).
At the same time, there is a high matrilineal diversity in both domestic and wild horses. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse. The horses' metacarpals—the shins or cannon bones—are used as key indicators of domesticity. Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the
Eurasian steppe. Journal of Quaternary Science 26(8):805-812. From wild horses to domestic horses: a European perspective. Nature Genetics 40:1004-1009. Evidence of horse milk was found at Botai in the form of fatty lipid residues on the insides of ceramic vessels; further, evidence for consumption of horse meat has been identified at Botai
culture horse and rider burials. For whatever reason (and I won't speculate here), shins on domestic horses are thinner—more gracile—than those of wild horses. Jansen T, Forster P, Levine MA, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek, and Klaus. Bit wear is in evidence on horse teeth. A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair
graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse. 2011. Science 324:485. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(16):10905–10910. Antiquity 85(327):116-128. Fatty lipids of horse milk were found inside of pots. Brown D, and Anthony D.
These stallions are all of Arab, Barb and Turk origin; their descendants are from one of only 74 British and imported mares. In 2013, researchers led by Ludovic Orlando and Eske Willerslev of the Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark and University of Copenhagen (and reported in Orlando et al. Krasnyi Yar includes over 50
residential pithouses, adjacent to which have been found dozens of postmolds. The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking. Identification of metal residues associated with bit-use on prehistoric horse teeth by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Horses for the dead: funerary foodways in Bronze Age Kazakhstan.
The horse, the Kyrgyz horse and the ‘Kyrgyz horse’. Recent studies (Bendrey) using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis found microscopic-sized fragments of iron embedded on Iron Age horse teeth, resulting from metal bit use. Botai and the origins of horse domestication.
Levine MA. Kavar T, and Dovc P. Anthropology Today 25(1):12-15. Genetic data, interestingly enough, has traced all extant domesticated horses to one founder stallion, or to closely related male horses with the same Y haplotype. Science 323:1332-1335.
Bit Wear, Horseback Riding and the Botai Site in Kazakstan. Orlando L, Ginolhac A, Zhang G, Froese D, Albrechtsen A, Stiller M, Schubert M, Cappellini E, Petersen B, Moltke I et al. Finally, the earliest direct evidence of the use of horses as beasts of burden—in the form of drawings of horse-drawn chariots—is from Mesopotamia, about 2000 BC.
describe the shinbones from Botai as being closer in size and shape to those of Bronze age (fully domesticated) horses compared to wild horses. 2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early edition. 2002. Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, Castaños P, Cieslak M, Lippold S, Llorente L, Malaspinas A-S et
al. At least 77 wild mares would be required to explain the diversity of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in current horse populations, which probably means quite a few more.
Outram and colleagues looked at three strands of evidence supporting horse domestication at Botai culture sites: shin bones, milk consumption, and bitwear. The earliest possible hints for domestication would be the presence of what appears to be a set of postmolds with lots of animal dung within the area defined by the posts, which scholars
interpret as representing a horse pen. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18(1):29-78.
The postmolds—archaeological remnants of where posts have been set in the past—are arranged in circles, and these are interpreted as evidence of horse corrals.
Orlando and Willerslev's team found that over the past 500,000 years, horse populations have been enormously sensitive to climate change and that extremely low population sizes are associated with warming events. Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape? Journal of Archaeological Science 38(11):2989-2994.
Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse. That evidence has been found at Krasnyi Yar in Kazakhstan, in portions of the site dating to as early as 3600 BC. Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower MA, Barker G, Barrett E, Hanks BK, Li S, Lomitashvili D, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Sizonov GV et al. Bower MA, McGivney BA, Campana MG, Gu J,
Andersson LS, Barrett E, Davis CR, Mikko S, Stock F, Voronkova V et al. The saddle was invented around 800 BC, and the stirrup (a matter of some debate among historians) was probably invented around 200-300 AD. Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication.
Horse breeding histories for Thoroughbreds have been recorded in the General Stud Book since 1791, and the genetic data certainly supports that history. Outram et al. Further, using the Thistle Creek DNA as a baseline, they were able to determine that all modern existing equids (donkeys, horses, and zebras) originated from a common ancestor
some 4-4.5 million years ago.
World Archaeology 44(1):135-157. Unlike other animals, criteria such as changes in body morphology (horses are extremely diverse) or the location of a particular horse outside of its "normal range" (horses are very widespread) are not useful in helping resolve the question. Rosengren Pielberg G, Golovko A, Sundström E, Curik I, Lennartsson J,
Seltenhammer MH, Drum T, Binns M, Fitzsimmons C, Lindgren G et al. Two wild subspecies survived until recently, the Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, died out ca 1919) and Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, of which there are a few left). Amazingly, the researchers found that there were sufficiently intact molecules of collagen within the
matrix of the bone to enable them to map the Thistle Creek horse's genome. White horses have had a special place in ancient history-according to Herodotus, they were held as sacred animals in the Achaemenid court of Xerxes the Great (ruled 485-465 BC). By the early 1800s, the Thoroughbred was bred for traits that enabled speed and stamina over
distances from 1,600-2,800 meters at three years of age; since the 1860s, the horses have been bred for shorter races (1,000-1400 meters) and younger maturity, at 2 years. Cassidy R. Nature in press. 2013. Outram AK, Stear NA, Kasparov A, Usmanova E, Varfolomeev V, and Evershed RP. In a paper published in Science in 2009, Alan K. Horse
history, especially the timing of the domestication of the horse, is still being debated, partly because the evidence for domestication itself is debatable. 1999. The researchers then compared the Thistle Creek specimen DNA to that of an Upper Paleolithic horse, a modern donkey, five modern domestic horse breeds, and one modern Przewalski's horse.
Livestock Science 116(1):1-14. Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses. A recent DNA study (Bower et al.) examined the DNA of Thoroughbred racing horses and identified the specific allele which drives their speed and precocity. In North America, the horse was part of the megafaunal extinctions at the
end of the Pleistocene.
As identified in earlier studies, that would explain the diversity of mtDNA. Researchers noted bitting wear on horses' teeth—a vertical strip of wear on the outside of horses' premolars, where the metal bit damages the enamel when it sits between the cheek and tooth.
The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Sources Bendrey R. Journal of Archaeological Science 25(4):331-347. The genetic study looked at the DNA from hundreds of horses and identified the gene as C type myostatin gene variant, and came to the conclusion that this gene originated from a single mare, bred to one of
the three founder male horses about 300 years ago.
Horses skeletons at Botai Culture sites have gracile metacarpals. White horses are associated with the Pegasus myth, the unicorn in the Babylonian myth of Gilgamesh, Arabian horses, Lipizzaner stallions, Shetland ponies, and Icelandic pony populations. A 2012 study (Warmuth and colleagues) combining archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-
chromosomal DNA supports the domestication of horse as occurring once, in the western part of the Eurasian steppe, and that because of the horse's wild natures, several repeated introgression events (restocking of horse populations by adding wild mares), must have occurred. The bit wear was only found on a few of the teeth in the archaeological
assemblages, which might suggest that a few horses were ridden to hunt and collect wild horses for food and milk consumption. 1998. Although today it seems a bit weird to westerners, horses were kept for both their meat and milk in the past—and still are in the Kazakh region as you can see from the photograph above. Nature Communications
3(643):1-8.