Dr. W. E. B. DuBois: - Dr. W. E. B. DuBois:
- Saw Washington as condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority
- Earned his Ph.D. at Harvard, the first of his race
- He demanded complete equality for blacks, social and economic, as well
- Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909
- He rejected Washington’s gradualism and separatism, and argued for the “talented tenth” of the black community to be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life.
- He died, self-exiled in Africa in 1963, at age 95.
Colleges and universities after the Civil War: Colleges and universities after the Civil War:- A college education seemed indispensable in the scramble for the golden apple of success (see Table 25.1)
- Women and African American were finding new opportunities in higher education:
- Women’s colleges, Vassar were gaining ground
- Universities were open to both genders in the Midwest
- By 1880 every third college graduate was a woman
- Black institutes and academies grew into southern black colleges
Howard University, Washington, D.C Hampton Institute, Virginia Atlanta University were black colleges until after the civil movement of the 1960s: - Howard University, Washington, D.C Hampton Institute, Virginia Atlanta University were black colleges until after the civil movement of the 1960s:
- Which made widespread attendance at white institutions possible.
- The Morrill Act of 1862:
- Provided grant of public lands to the states for support of education
- Land-grant colleges—later state universities, provided certain services, such as military training
- The Hatch Act of 1887 extended the Morrill Act, provided funds for establishment of agricultural experiment states at land-grant colleges.
These two legislation acts spawned hundreds of colleges and universities: - These two legislation acts spawned hundreds of colleges and universities:
- University of California (1868); Ohio State University (1870); and Texas A&M (1876).
- Private philanthropy supplement government grants to higher education:
- New industrial millionaires donated immense fortunes to educational enterprises
- Between 1878 and 1898 they gave $150 million
- Noteworthy new private universities of high quality: Cornell (1865), Leland Stanford Junior (1891)—the latter founded in memory of the deceased 15 year old only child of a builder of the Central Pacific Railroad.
The University of Chicago (1892) by John D. Rockefeller’s oil millions; Rockefeller died at 97, having given $500 million. - The University of Chicago (1892) by John D. Rockefeller’s oil millions; Rockefeller died at 97, having given $500 million.
- Sharp increase in professional and technical schools:
- With modern laboratories
- Johns Hopkins University (1876) maintained the nation’s first graduate school
- Dr. Woodrow Wilson received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins.
Influences of modern American university: Influences of modern American university:- Antebellum colleges stressed the “unity of truth”—idea that knowledge and morality existed in a single system
- Religious instruction in moral philosophy and natural theology—pillars of classical curriculum
- University reformers struggled to reconcile scientific education and religion
- University educators abandoned moral instruction and divorced “facts” from “values.”
The new industrialization insisted on “practical” courses and specialized vocational training in sciences - The new industrialization insisted on “practical” courses and specialized vocational training in sciences
- The elective system, selected courses, gained popularity
- Emphasis on fields of concentration for a profession
- Specialization became the primary goal of a university education
- Reformed spirit of Dr. Charles W. Eliot became president of Harvard—secularization of education when he changed Harvard’s motto from Christo et Ecclesiae (For Christ and Church) to Veritas (Truth).
Medical schools and medical science: - Medical schools and medical science:
- Made new scientific gains reflected in improved public health and new health-promoting precautions
- William James (1842-1910); 35 year Harvard faculty
- His Principles of Psychology (1890) helped to establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology
- In The Will to Believe (1897) and Varieties of Religious Expe-rience (1902), he explored the philosophy and psychology of religion
- His most famous, Pragmatism (1907)—he pronounced America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy –the concept of pragmatism—that the truth of an idea was to be tested by its practical consequences (see pp. 560-561).
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