The list of self-study toipcs I. Make a рresentation on the given toрics and рresent it

Affirmative Negative
I walk Long form Short Form
You walk I do not walk I don`t walk
He walks You do not walk You don`t walk
He walks He does not walk He doesn`t walk
She walks She does not walk She doesn`t walk
It walks It does not walk It doesn`t walk
We walk We do not walk We don`t walk
You walk Vou do not walk You don`t walk
They walk They do not walk They don`t walk
We use the present for repeated actions or permanent situations.
3.3
This conditional is used when the result will always happen.So,if water reaches 100 degrees,it always bolis.It`s a fact. I`m talking in general,not about one particular situation.The result of the if clause`is always the main clause.
The if this condional can usually be replased by when` without changing the meaning.
For exampie:if water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
If eat peanuts,iam sick.
Here are more examples:
If people eat too much, they get fat.
If you touch a fire,you get burned.
People die if they don`t eat
You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
3. 4.
As in all conditional sentences,the order of the clauses is not fixed.You may have to rearrange the pronous and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses,but the meaning is identical.
EXAMPLE
If it rained,you would get wet.
You would get wet if it rained.
If you went to bed earlier you wouldn’t be so tired.
You wouldn’t be so tired if you went to bed earlier.
If she fell,she would hurt herself.
She would hurt herself if she fell.
3.5.
The questions to the subject of the sentence are formed with out an auxiliary verb,but we use an auxiliary verb in the short answer,e.g.
Who reads this book?
-I do.
Who told you this?
-My brother did.
Questions that are addressed to an object of the sentence usually require an auxiliary vorh.
3.6.
TENSE Active voice Passive voice
Present simple She delivers the The letters are
Letters delivered
Past simple She delivered the The letters were
letters delivered

Future simple She will deliver the The letters will

Letters be delivered
Present continuous She is delivering the The letters are being
Letters delivered
Past continuous She was delivering the The letters were being
letters delivered
Going to She is going to deliver The letters are going to be
The letters delivered
Present Perfect She has delivered the The letters have been delivered
letters
Past Perfect She had delivered the The letters had been delivered
letters

Infinitive She has to deliver the The letters have to be

letters delivered
Modals She must deliver the the letters must be
Letters delivered


3.7.
Modal Verbs (Basic)
Modal Verbs
The verbs 'can', 'could', 'may', 'might', 'will', 'would', 'shall', 'should', 'must' and 'ought' are called modal verbs. They are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings such as permission, possibility, certainty and necessity.
'Need' and 'dare' can also be used as modal verbs.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Can' to Express Ability or Capacity
'Can' can be used to express ability or capacity.
Eg: He can climb those trees.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Can' and 'May' to Express Permission
'Can' and 'may' are used to express permission. 'May' is more formal.
Eg: You can visit us in our new home.
You may leave now.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Can' and 'May' to Express Possibility
'May' is used to express possibility in affirmative sentences. 'Can' is used in the corresponding negative and interrogative sentences.
Eg: It may rain tomorrow.
It cannot be false.
Can it be true?
DEFINITION
Use of 'May' to Express a Wish
'May' can be used in formal English to express a wish.
Eg: May you live long!

DEFINITION

Use of 'Could and Might' in the Past Tense
'Could' and 'might' may be used as past equivalents of 'can' and 'may'.
Eg: I could run very fast in my youth.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Could' to Express Ability Only
'Could' expresses only ability to perform an action in the past, not the performance of the action. We must use 'was/were able to' in order to include both ability and performance of the action.
Eg: When the house caught fire, we were able to (not could) escape via a side door.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Could' and 'Might' as Less Positive Than 'Can' and 'May'
'Could' and 'might' are used as less positive versions of 'can' and 'may'.
Eg: I could attend the party. (This is a hesitant way of saying 'I can').
DEFINITION
Use of 'Might' to Express a Degree of Dissatisfaction
'Might' may be used to express a degree of dissatisfaction or reproach.
Eg: You might do the cooking tonight.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Can', 'Could', 'May' and 'Might' with the Perfect Infinitive
'Can', 'could', 'may' and 'might' may all be used with the perfect infinitive.
Eg: What can he have done to deserve such a punishment?
DEFINITION
Use of 'Shall' and 'Will' to Express Future Tenses
'Shall' is used in the first person and 'will' in all persons to express the future tense.
Eg: We shall make a plan for tomorrow.
They will go on a picnic next Sunday.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Shall' to Express a Command, Promise or Threat
'Shall' can be used in the second and third persons to express a command, promise or threat.
Eg: He shall not return to this place again.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Shall' to Ask the Will of the Person Addressed
Questions with 'shall I/we' ask the will of the person addressed.
Eg: Shall I open the box?
Shall we have lunch?
DEFINITION
Use of 'Will' to Express Volition, Habit, Assumption or Probability
'Will' can be used to express volition.
Eg: I will set the table for dinner.

'Will' can be used to express characteristic habit.

Eg: James will talk about nothing but sports.

'Will' can be used to express assumption or probability.

Eg: This will be the milkman, I think.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Will' to Indicate an Invitation or Request
'Will' can be used to indicate an invitation or request.
Eg: Will you have some lunch with us?
Will you loan me some money?
DEFINITION
Use of 'Should' and 'Would' for the Past Tense
'Should' and 'would' are used as the past equivalents of 'shall' and 'will'.
Eg: I expected that I should (these days, 'would' is used more often) win the race.
They thought they would finish the meeting by five o'clock.
DEFINITION
'Should' is used in all Persons to Express Duty and Obligation
'Should' is used in all persons to express duty or obligation.
Eg: We should obey the law.
You should not tell a lie.
DEFINITION
Use of 'Should' to Express a Supposition
'Should' is used to express a supposition in clauses of condition.
Eg: If they should catch me cheating, I will be punished.
DEFINITION
'Should' and 'Would' in Other Cases
'Should' and 'would' are also used in other cases as below:
As a polite form of 'want' -
Eg: I should like you to assist me.
As more polite than 'will you' -
Eg: Would you help me clean the house?
Should+perfect infinitive indicates a past obligation not fulfilled -
Eg: You should have been more attentive.
Expressing probability -
Eg: He should be on his way by now.
Expressing a strong desire when used after 'wish' -
Eg: I wish you would pay close attention to what I am saying.
DEFINITION
Semi-Modals/Quasi-Modals
Semi-modal or quasi-modal verbs are verbs that function as modal verbs or main verbs. For example, had better, ought to, have to etc.
Let's see how they are used in a sentence:
She had better leave now if she wants to catch the train.
I ought to exercise regularly and eat healthy food