The main part

The actuality of the research: The progressive theory of teaching language allows us to restructure the curriculum in ways that highlight learner participation, the importance of social transaction, and the role of speaking in promoting learning.
The aim of this research is to investigate actuality of voiced consonants.
-To achieve our aim we set forth the following tasks:
-To find out voiced consonants in words;
-To select more productive ways related to voiced consonants;
The object of the research is the ability to operate knowledge attitudes and skills under the constraints of real-time communication.
The subject matter of the research is knowledge, attitudes, skills of discovery, interaction and cultural education.


MAIN PART
1. The system of consonant phonemes in English
The comparative table of the English and Uzbek consonant phonemes is based on their articulatory and acoustic classification. This table gives a general idea of the differences and identities of the consonant phonemes and of the pure phonetic features of the isolated consonant phonemes. The table and the phonetic characteristics do not clarify the relationship between the phonemes, i.e. the way they are arranged into the whole system and what structural relations exist between the phonemes. The answer to these questions may be found through a phonological analysis which has its own principles, methods and conditions. Its main principle is based on choosing two or more sounds and establishing their mutual relations in the system. Such mutual relations may become clear by using the method of opposition. Oppositions between sounds require certain conditions. In phonological analysis conditions for the oppositions may be equal to the positions, i.e. initial, medial and final positions where two or more sounds form oppositions. The phonemes and their distinctive (relevant) and non-distinctive (irrelevant) features may be established on the basis of phonological oppositions which may be set up on the paradigmatic axis. The sounds, in which the phonemes are manifested may be used in the linear sequence or on the syntagmatic axis.
For analyzing sounds in the syntagmatic axis, the method of distribution is used, which makes clear the usage of distinctive and non-distinctive features. Choosing two sounds, we can compare their articulatory and acoustic properties in the phonetic table cited above. If the features are different, they may be regarded, as being distinctive, if the features coincide, they are called non-distinctive features. This explanation is given for the sake of convenience. At first we begin with the preliminary phonological analysis of the speech sounds, suggested by V. A. Vassilyev.
According to this principle we can set up simple oppositions (based on one distinctive feature), double oppositions (based on two distinctive features) and complex oppositions when there are more than two distinctive features. The next stage of phonological analysis may be based on the classification of oppositions given by N.S. Trubetzkoy.
The inventory of phonemes is one of the criterions used as a starting point in the comparative-typological analysis of the phonemic systems of languages with different systems. The next criterion is based on the quality and quantity of phonological oppositions existing in both languages. In phonetic comparison we deal with etic units, i.e. sounds which form phonic substance of languages. Comparative typological analysis of phonological systems aims at describing structural emic units, i.e. phonemes which function as formal items in the identification and distinction of words and morphemes. The quality of oppositions may be verified on the basis of distinctive and non-distinctive oppositions while the quantity of oppositions is characterized by their number which includes a majority or minority of phoneme pairs. It is possible to measure the functional load of oppositions determined by the number of minimal pairs illustrating phonological oppositions and the power of oppositions determined by the number of opposition pairs. The last two criteria are known in language typology as «weighting of the values».
Besides it is possible to compare frequency of occurrence of phonemes in two or more languages, which ascertains the functional exploitation of language units in different languages. This type of comparison enables us to make an undistorted classification of languages. The comparison of languages, according to the statistical data of certain facts or units, is known as a quantitative typology of languages. The above given criteria may be used either in the phonological analysis of consonants or vowels and even in comparing the relation of the frequency of occurrence of vowels and consonants.
As stated, a phoneme is a member of phonological opposition. Thanks to this defamation of the phoneme, the system of the English consonant phonemes is arranged from various phonological oppositions. According to the place of articulation the following oppositions (mainly single) exist in English.
1) labial (bilabial or labio-dental) - fore lingual: between plosives Ip - tI, /b - d/; between fricatives If
- SI, Iv - pi If
- sl, Iv
- zI, If
- J/; between nasals: 1m - nI; between constrictive sonant
Iw - II, Iw - rl in which the features bicentral-unicentral and round narrowing - flat narrowing are non-distinctive. The oppositions If - sl, Iv - zl are accompanied by the non-distinctive features flat (slit) narrowing groove-like narrowing. The latter features are distinctively relevant only in the oppositions IS - sl, Ip - zI. As to the opposition If - II it is also accompanied by the non-distinctive features unicentral-bicentral. The given oppositions, except the oppositions where lSI and Ipl occur, exist in Uzbek too. But the only difference may be observed in oppositions lvi-Ill, Iv/-/rl in which Ivl takes part with its bilabial sonorant allophone. Besides, the above non-distinctive features are not typical of Uzbek. The functional load of the opposition labial-fore lingual is higher in English than in Uzbek, as there are too many minimal pairs of words, in which the above oppositions may occur in initial, medial and final positions.
This opposition shows low functional load in Uzbek as few oppositions may occur in medial and final positions of the minimal pairs. The power of this opposition is stronger in English (10 pairs) than in Uzbek (9 pairs). The number of labial consonants do not coincide: there are six labial consonants in English and five in Uzbek. The relation between the numbers of fore lingual consonants in English and Uzbek is 13: 11. As observed more than half of the English consonant phonemes are fore lingual. In Uzbek it is expressed by almost 45% of the total number (23) of consonants. The number of fore lingual consonants and frequency of their occurrence is very great in both languages. This fact depends more relative on the physiological activity of the front part of the tongue than the other types of articulation. Evidently, this is for the sake of economy of pronunciation effort.
2) The single opposition labial-mediolingual is represented in both languages by the pairs Iw - j/ Iv-y/. The features bicentral-uni-central and round narrowing - flat narrowing are nondistinctive in the English Iw - jI. Such features are not found in Uzbek at all. The American authors Ch.E. Bidwell and A.F. Sjoberg distinguish slit fricatives 1<1>, f, v, B/, and groove fricatives (Is, z, x, x', x, gt1) (in our transcription Is, z, sh, j, kh, h, g'l) which cannot be found in Uzbek literary pronunciation. They rarely occur only in the pronunciation of words borrowed from Russian. This opposition has the lowest functional load and very weak power.
3) The opposition labial-backlingual exists in the pairs: Ip -kI, Ib - gl, 1m - rj/ in English. In Uzbek this opposition is presented by the pairs In - kI, Ib - gl, 1m - ngl, If-khl, Iv - g'l. There are no fricative consonants among the English backlingual consonants. The fricative-backlingual consonants are specific of Uzbek. Instead of the opposition labial fricative-backlingual fricative, which is specific of Uzbek, the opposition labial fricativepharyngal fricative exists in English: If - hi, Iv - hi. The functional load of this opposition is greater in English than in Uzbek as there are a lot of minimal pairs in English and few in Uzbek.
4) The single opposition forelingual-mediolingual can be established between the constrictive sonants: /l - j/, Ir - jl in English andll- yl, Ir - yl in Uzbek, which coincide not only with the number of oppositions but also with their low functional load and weak power.
5) The opposition forelingual-backlingual or pharyngal: It -kI,/d - gl, In - fj/, 19 - hi, Is - hi, Iz - hi, Iz - hi, II - hi in English and It - kI, It - ql, Id - g!, Is - khI, Iz - g'l, In - ng!, Is - hI,/sh - hi, Ij - hi, /kh - hi in Uzbek. The phoneme, /hi being either voiced and voiceless, form phonological oppositions with voiced and voiceless consonants. The number of oppositions discerned by the distinctive feature forelingual-backlingual (or pharyngal) coincide, but the quality of oppositions differs greatly in the languages compared, owing to the existence of some specific English phonemes such as 19/, 101 and the Uzbek Iql, Ig'l. The functional load of these oppositions is greater than in Uzbek.
The number of phonemes which take part in these oppositions is equal in both languages, as they include 13 phonemes. But their functional load is greater in English than in Uzbek. No minimal pair can be found for the opposition 13 - hi, but we include it on the basis of frequency of occurrence of its members. The power of this opposition is stronger in Uzbek (11 pairs) than in English (9 pairs). According to the manner of production, it is possible to establish the following (mainly single) phonological oppositions: