The market wizards conversations with
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41775536-Market-Wizards (1)
Appendix 1-
Program Trading and Portfolio Insurance One subject that has received widespread publicity in recent years is program trading. Perhaps never in the history of financial markets has there been more criticism about a trading approach that was less understood. I would venture a guess that less than one out of ten people opposed to program trading even know the definition of the term. One source of confusion is that program trading is used interchangeably to describe both the original activity and as a more general term encompassing various computer-supported trading strategies (for example, portfolio insurance). Program trading represents a classic arbitrage activity in which one market is bought against an equal short sale in a closely related market in order to realize small, near risk-free profits, resulting from short-lived distortions in the price relationship between such markets. Program traders buy or sell an actual basket of stocks against an equal dollar value position in stock index futures when they perceive the actual stocks to be underpriced or overpriced relative to futures. In effect, program trading tends to keep actual stock and stock index futures prices in line. Insofar as every program-related sale of actual stocks is offset by a purchase at another time and most program trades are first initiated as long stock/short futures positions (because of the uptick requirement in shorting actual stocks), arguments that program trading is responsible for stock market declines are highly tenuous. Moreover, since the bulk of economic evidence indicates that arbitrage between related markets tends to reduce volatility, the relationship between increased volatility and program trading is questionable at best. Portfolio insurance refers to the systematic sale of stock index futures as the value of a stock portfolio declines in order to reduce risk exposure. Once reduced, the net long exposure is increased back toward a full position as the representative stock index price increases. The theory underlying portfolio insurance presumes that market prices move smoothly. When prices witness an abrupt, huge move, the results of the strategy may differ substantially from the theory. This occurred on October 19, 1987, when prices gapped beyond threshold portfolio insurance sell levels, triggering an avalanche of sell orders which were executed far below the theoretical levels. Although portfolio insurance may have accelerated the decline on October 19, it could reasonably be argued that the underlying forces would have resulted in a similar price decline over a greater span of days in the absence of portfolio insurance. This is a question that can never be answered. (It is doubtful that program trading, as defined above, played much of a role in the crash of the week of October 19, since the severely delayed openings of individual stocks, tremendous confusion related to prevailing price levels, and exchange restrictions regarding the use of the automated order entry systems severely impeded this activity.) 163 |
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