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1.2. Characteristics of a literary tale
At present, the attention of many researchers attracts the least studied genre "literary tale." These works include the tales of Lewis Carroll, GH Andersen, Charles Perrault, P. Travers, AN Tolstoy, A.M. Volkov and many other authors.
The term "literary tale" reminds us of the Latin «littera» -bukva letter. As you know, the word "fairy tale" is derived from the Russian word "affects", "talk", which recalls the origins of the folk genre, its "orality". This duality (written fixation of oral tales) is very complex study of the genre and makes the urgency of the problem.
According to many researchers (M.N.Lipovetsky, T.G.Leonova, M.M.Meshcheriakova, V.A.Begak), literary (or author) tale completely unique types of education. Drawing on ancient archetypes, author tale focuses not only on the genres of folk tale, but also on the assimilation of elements prior cultural tradition (literary tales predecessors and "classics" of the genre - Hans Christian Andersen, A.S. Pushkin and others.). It also used the ideological principles and plot-compositional model of the story, a philosophical novel, Utopia, parables, fables and other literary genres. According to M.N.Lipovetsky, "the whole artistic worlds of literary fairy tales are always formed by the interaction of magical fairy-tale genre-memory models of the world, characteristic of the" new "genre".
The special role in the formation of literary fairy tale magic played folk tale. By definition, the L.V.Ovchinnikov, literary fairy tale is multi-genre type of literature, implemented in an infinite variety of works of different authors. Each genre has its own type of literary fairy tale dominant (harmonious world-making, adventure, educational aspect).
In literature, as in folklore, fairy tales differ by category (animal tales, magic, household), for pathos (heroic, lyrical, humorous, satirical, philosophical, psychological), in proximity to other literary genres (novels, tales, tales, fairy tales, parables, plays, fairy tale parody, sci-fi stories, tales of the absurd).
The literary tale is far from folklore source. Genuine literary fairy tale is a completely independent product with a unique artistic world, original aesthetic concept. This work, which is not only in the scene (composite) against no repeats folk tale, but even draws shaped material from literature or other sources of folklore".
Tracing the history of the literary fairy tale, as a rule, note that folk tale is part of the literary novel of ancient Russia, and in Europe comes alive in the genre of medieval courtly romance. XVIII century acquaints the reader with the author's retellings of fairy tales and folk treatments. Actually literary fairy tale in its infancy, and then reaches maturity as a genre in the XIX century (in Europe - in the works of Charles Perrault, G.X. Andersen, E.T.A. Hoffmann, W. Hauff, in Russia - in the works of Zhukovsky, Leskov, P.S., P.P.Ershov, Alexander Pushkin, A. Pogorelsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Leo Tolstoy). Literary fairy tale becomes a favorite genre writers of the Silver Age. Among the authors of literary fairy tale – A.N. Thick, P.P.Bazhov, A.P.Platonov, K.G.Paustovsky, E.L. Schwartz, S.V.Mikhalkov, V.V. Bianchi, N. Nosov, K. Bulychev, EN Assumption. From foreign tales in Russia, the most famous fairy tales O. Wilde, George. Rodary, A. Lindgren.
There are common roots in the literary and the folk tales. The Folk tale originally existed in the space of magic (cf .: "In the kingdom of Far Far Away - tridesyatom state", "the sea-okiyane, on the island of Buyan" ...). For the same literary tales that space, for example, over time modified and traditional space disappeared.
The Literary fairy tale as a separate literary phenomenon stood out in the last century and "has long since become a full-fledged literary genre". It is under active development, but so far there is no clear understanding of the genre identity.
The situation with the interpretation of the concept of "literary fairy tale" can be summarized as follows: tales are different, "but in science ... has not yet created a unified classification". For a long time, many researchers are paying attention to this problem and try to solve it by various means. There are many definitions of literary fairy tale as a genre, they can be conditionally divided into two types. The first type of definitions is an enumeration of individual characteristics that are typically found in the literary fairy tale (see. Example 1), but in particular the works of these characteristics may be partially missing. This kind of definition is quite cumbersome and not applicable to all literary tales. The second type (example 2) - an attempt to generalized universal definition. But such a formulation that would satisfy all researchers unavailable.
Here are some examples:
1) the literary fairy tale - the author, art, or poetry, or based on folklore sources or invented by the writer, but in any case subordinate to his will. Mostly fantastic product that paints wonderful adventures of fictional or traditional fairy tale characters and in some cases to children; work in which magic, miracle plays the role of plot-factor helps to characterize the characters.
2) The literary fairy tale - the genre of literary works, in which magical fiction or allegorical developments and, as a rule, in the original stories and images in prose, poetry or drama to address moral and poetic or aesthetic problems.
It has long been known that the literary fairy tale - a synthetic genre, absorbed as features of folklore and elements of literary genres. The thesis of "literary fairy tale folk apprehended in the aggregate, in all its varieties genre" [Bakhtin] there is no doubt. And "literature ... which today is increasingly replacing of folk life story, without it she can not" as "Tale itself an example of literature in the very principles of the organization and create a grotesque world, and took advantage of this literature, and created a whole network of grotesques, from some literary fairy tales and finishing works of a realistic plan, which cleverly played up the idea of creating a special world of fantasy and reality in its real in the incredible twists of fiction".
The Literary fairy tale always a fairy tale of his time, and even in one and the same author's direction and structure of the tale can vary significantly, in contrast to the strict form of folk tales.
The Literary fairy tale differs from folk tales and poetics. If folk tale is characterized by stable poetic devices, traditional formulas that contribute to more easily memorize it, then in the literary fairy tale selection and use of these techniques are free, as are wholly dependent on the author. In addition, the folk tale inherent clear plot elements; there are intonation, complication, climax, denouement, ending, and in the literary fairy tale border between the elements of the story are blurred. Another distinctive feature is the amount of folk tale mostly short (because of its interpretation of existence), while the literary fairy tale can be quite long.
The Literary tales, unlike folk, by its very nature is a genre of individual rather than collective creativity. The Ordinary uniformity folk tale confronts individual diversity tales writers. At the heart of the literary fairy tale is a very special author 'perception of the world ", the ability to not only and not so much to stylize fabulous tricks, and express membership in the moral and philosophical principles that are based on the harmony of sensual and aesthetic constitute the essence of folk art in general. Often, in the author's autobiographical tales found evidence of their creator. For example, Lewis Carroll characters as their stories chose his friends: the teacher of one of the colleges of Oxford University's Robinson Duckworth and his daughter Edith and Lauren; A.A. Milne used the facts of his life, namely, some episodes of his communication with his son. Any tale, of course, reflects the moral norms, social and political issues and preferences of the time in which the author lives, as well as the originality of his creative personality. Problems themselves that decide heroes rather the moral, rather than adventurous and adventure.
Folk tale does not know the category "image of the author" (referring to the narrator, storyteller). It is the author's position is clearly expressed in the literary fairy tale, allows the identification of borrowing from the ideological and aesthetic system of folk tales. This takes into account a particular focus on the listener and his perception of the effect of genre expectations related to the miracle and its motivations.
Fairy tale must end well, and knowing the unwritten law, the reader is rarely seriously worried about the fate of the characters. The English tale and retreats from this rule. A world in which there are heroes, real, and therefore are real and the dangers that await them here. English fairy tale does not spare the reader, does not diminish the risk and lulls him with the thought that all this is nothing more than fiction, which certainly well over. The writer puts his hero in difficult circumstances and provides it to find a way out.
The Most of the authors and do not try to tell us they have created the world. Moreover, they are not specifically agreed, do not tell us everything, and we can only guess that it was still in the magic book Koriakina that Lucy was looking through, and what legends are not told Mowgli old Hathi, and where the king cobra knows Mary Poppins, and the stars whether made of silver paper or silver paper - from the stars? "History never truly not stop there. Just some place to tell them to stop" (14).
In summary, we can highlight the distinctive features of literary tale:
1. Genesis. Literary fairy tale created by a single author.
2. The form of narrative. Literary fairy tale exists only in writing, in a strictly fixed version.
3. According to the content. Literary fairy tale has a great diversity of subjects, pointing to its relationship with reality.
4. Composition. Literary tale created by less strict rules of construction.
5. In terms of volume. Literary tale can be as short on volume, and quite long (cf .: Lewis Carroll tale, X. lofting)
6. Language. In the literary fairy tale more complex syntax and rarely used traditional fabulous formula, it is richer vocabulary and meet individual trails.
Thus, in general, it is possible to allocate the following genre features the author's tale: the reliance on folk traditions, the presence of the start of the game, the presence of the "image of the author", a combination of real and fantastic.
Now consider the genre of literary fairy tale in comparison with another fantastic genre - science fiction. These genres have a common origin, "and literary fairy tale, and her cousin - science fiction - in spite of the proximity to the poetics of folk tales are still literary genres. Elements of folk and fairy poetics they create genre definition, form what could be called the "core" of the genre ". The logical explanation is building a fantastic foundation for a fabulous reality, compensating for "unbelief" of modern man, which is not required in the case of a fairy tale, because "Fairy tale does not focus on the image and explanation state of the world and its changes as a result of an action hero, and to show the state of the hero and the changes in this state as a result of success in overcoming their troubles, misfortunes, obstacles". Unlike literary fairy tale of science fiction is obvious: it does not attempt to predict the future on a scientific basis, to predict the development of science and technology, or hypothetically explain the events and processes that took place in the distant past. In general, it is not associated with social or scientific theories of social development.
Following comparison with similar literary fairy tale fiction genre (fairy tale, science fiction), you can display its definition. Literary fairy tale - a genre of science fiction author of a literary work, rooted in the folk tale, it borrows from the concept of "fabulous reality" as anannualrated factor not wearing a scientific nature.