The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Multimedia Information and Systems
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01 Front Matter
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- CHAPTER 8 Using Perceptual Models 255
CHAPTER 7 Analyzing Errors
213 7.1 Message Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7.2 False Positive Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 7.2.1 Random-Watermark False Positive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 7.2.2 Random-Work False Positive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 7.3 False Negative Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 7.4 ROC Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 7.4.1 Hypothetical ROC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 7.4.2 Histogram of a Real System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 7.4.3 Interpolation Along One or Both Axes . . . . . . . . . . . 231 7.5 The Effect of Whitening on Error Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 7.6 Analysis of Normalized Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 7.6.1 False Positive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 7.6.2 False Negative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 7.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 CHAPTER 8 Using Perceptual Models 255 8.1 Evaluating Perceptual Impact of Watermarks . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 8.1.1 Fidelity and Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 8.1.2 Human Evaluation Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . 257 8.1.3 Automated Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 8.2 General Form of a Perceptual Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 8.2.1 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 8.2.2 Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.2.3 Pooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 8.3 Two Examples of Perceptual Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.3.1 Watson’s DCT-Based Visual Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.3.2 A Perceptual Model for Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 8.4 Perceptually Adaptive Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 8.4.1 Perceptual Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 8.4.2 Optimal Use of Perceptual Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 |
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