The motivation

Extrinsic[edit]
Extrinsic motivation occurs when an individual is driven by external influences.^[3] These can be either rewarding (money, good grades, fame, etc.) or punishing (threat of punishment, pain, etc.). The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation lies within the driving force behind the action. When someone is intrinsically motivated, they engage in an activity because it is inherently interesting, enjoyable, or satisfying. With extrinsic motivation, the agent's goal is a desired outcome distinct from the activity itself.^[3] The agent can have both intrinsic and extrinsic motives for the same activity, but usually one type of motivation outweighs the other.^[51] Playing tennis to receive an award is an example of extrinsic motivation, while playing because one enjoys the game involves intrinsic motivation.^[3][52]
Some studies indicate that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition.^[53] This indicates that there is a tendency to care less about the activity itself if a reward is expected.^[3] However, other studies suggest that positive or negative extrinsic rewards can also increase intrinsic motivation.^[54] This leads us to the assumption that the effects of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation may depend on the type of reward.^[55]
According to the article "Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development and Well-Being",^[56] a lot of what we do after childhood is not inspired by intrinsic motivation because we are not solely doing things anymore to satisfy our intrinsic motivations, but is instead done more to satisfy our extrinsic motivations since we must adhere to social pressures which force us to do things that are not intrinsically motivating.^[57]
One advantage of extrinsic motivation is that it can be used relatively easily to motivate other people to work towards goal completion.^[3] One disadvantage is that the quality of work may need to be monitored since the agent might otherwise not be motivated to do a good job.^[3] Extrinsic motivation fueling engagement in the activity soon ceases once external rewards are removed. It has also been suggested that extrinsic motivators may diminish in value over time, making it more difficult to motivate the same person in the future.^[3]
Johnmarshall Reeve distinguishes between four types of extrinsic motivation that involve different degrees of autonomy: external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation. External regulation is the least autonomous form of extrinsic motivation. In it, only the consequence of an action counts for the agent. For example, if a student wants a good grade, they are motivated to study for that grade.^[58] Introjected regulation arises from the agent's impression of what they should do. For instance, a student knows that they "should" study and does not want to feel the guilt that comes with not studying, so they do.^[58] Identified regulation comes from what the agent believes is personally important. In the example of the student, they may have an understanding that studying is important to their success and will pursue their studies for that reason. Integrated regulation is the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation and occurs when motivation arises from the impression of personal identity. This type of extrinsic motivation is very close to intrinsic motivation, but is not quite there yet. This is because the individual is motivated to engage in an activity by how well it expresses their values instead of by pure interest and enjoyment. In this case, a student studies because doing so expresses their core values and reflects how they see themselves as a person.^[58] A student intrinsically motivated to study would do so purely because they thought studying was interesting and fun.