The Notion and Definition of Risk Risk as a Consequence of Uncertainty Feelings Associated with Risk


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Risks and Opportunities

Pure Risk—Loss or No Loss Only

Speculative Risk—Possible Gains or Losses

Physical damage risk to property (at the enterprise level) such as caused by fire, flood, weather damage

Market risks: interest risk, foreign exchange risk, stock market risk

Liability risk exposure (such as products liability, premise liability, employment practice liability)

Reputational risk

Innovational or technical obsolescence risk

Brand risk

Operational risk: mistakes in process or procedure that cause losses

Credit risk (at the individual enterprise level)

Mortality and morbidity risk at the individual level

Product success risk

Intellectual property violation risks

Public relation risk

Environmental risks: water, air, hazardous-chemical, and other pollution; depletion of resources; irreversible destruction of food chains

Population changes

Natural disaster damage: floods, earthquakes, windstorms

Market for the product risk

Man-made destructive risks: nuclear risks, wars, unemployment, population changes, political risks

Regulatory change risk

Mortality and morbidity risk at the societal and global level (as in pandemics, social security program exposure, nationalize health care systems, etc.)

Political risk




Accounting risk




Longevity risk at the societal level




Genetic testing and genetic engineering risk




Investment risk




Research and development risk

Within the class of pure risk exposures, it is common to further explore risks by use of the dichotomy of personal property versus liability exposure risk.

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