The references interpretation of normal-legal rules and regulations in the policy of resettlement of turkestan by tsarist russia

THE REFERENCES INTERPRETATION OF NORMAL-LEGAL RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE POLICY OF RESETTLEMENT OF TURKESTAN BY TSARIST RUSSIA

(Based on the materials of the “Turkestan’s Collection”)

Khusniddin Juraev

Researcher at Fergana State University

99891-663-69-90

[e-mail]

ABSTRACT: The article describes the policy of resettlement of Tsarist Russia to Turkestan, its military-political and socio-economic goals, the normative legal acts on which the resettlement policy is base, and their colonial nature.

Keywords: Tsarist Russia, Turkestan, colonization, resettlement policy, resettled population, charter, settlements, land funds.

This was natural that the population relocated to Turkestan would face a number of problems in the new historical conditions. Moving from the reception centers to new places can show the difficulties of settling there, the uncomfortable lifestyle, the need to change professions and so on.

For these reasons, in the “Turkestan Collection” and the Russian periodical publishes, are there any suitable lands for migrants in the country? What are the principles and rules of settlements in Turkestan? How are the IDPs adapting to the new natural and climatic and economic conditions? Many articles have been published that focus on debates on issues such as[1].

Over the years, the management of resettlement activities in Turkestan has been carried out by the ministries and various departments of the Russian Empire. The establishment of Russian villages and settlements, in which the control of farms was originally under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On the recommendation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special commissions set up by the Governor-General of Turkestan are responsible for studying and reporting on the Russian population and Russian population centers. According to press reports, in 1871 the first Regulations on Displaced Persons were developed. At the same time, the rate of annual migration of the population across the empire was set. In 1870-1871 the average annual displacement of the population from the imperial provinces was thirty thousand, while in the 1880s an average of one hundred thousand were relocated each year[2]. In fact, by 1908, one hundred thousand families, that is, seven hundred thousand people, were relocated to Siberia by rail during the year.

The Charter of 1871 aimed to take into account the vacant lands of the Kyrgyz Kazakhs and Kara Kyrgyz living in the steppe areas, to settle them, and to determine the average size of lands owned by nomads. It is also proposed to register the newly created land funds as state and public lands. The charter defines the following issues:

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  Strict accounting of unused land resources by the local population, determining the quality of registered lands, the number of migrants living in them;
  
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  Determining the exact amount of land allocated to the Kyrgyz by districts (districts);
  
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  Transfer of excess land funds to the relocation fund. The average population is expected to leave 234 desiatins, and in some areas - up to 550 desiatins [3].
  

This Regulation states that the land resources of the “Kyrgyz” and “Kara-Kyrgyz” are very large, 21 million desiatins in the Ettisuv region alone, 168 million desiatins in the Urals, Turgai, Semipalatinsk, Akmalinsk regions, of which 4 million desiatins are resettled, it was believed that the situation would not have a major impact on the couple’s water relationship. However, most of the lands were barren, sandy, saline soils, and their distance from water resources was not taken into account. The frequent replacement of pastures by nomadic people and their stability in the use of land resources were not taken into account. Not all lands are suitable, the vast deserts are covered with salt, the pastures are dry and barren, swamps and groves, in 1871-1879 some additions were made to the Statute.

According to periodicals, “nomadic life is militarized, and Kyrgyz tribes are not afraid of clashes with the government. Where the nomads take my horse’s hooves, that place belongs to me. The Kyrgyz graze their camels and horses, sheep and goats, and set up tents wherever they want”[4], there is a lot of information like. The first legal document on the management of the Governor-General of Turkestan was the “Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region” adopted on July 12, 1886, the rights and obligations of the displaced population were clearly defined in the points and articles of this Regulation. The “Turkistan Collection” contains a number of information about this Charter. In particular, according to Article 238 of the Charter:

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  “The resettled population should not only be provided with drinking water at home, but also be relocated to areas where irrigation and land can be irrigated;
  
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  The places where they move are not chosen voluntarily, villages and settlements are established in the places determined by the state;
  
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  Money and financial assistance will be provided to any relocated family. Those who move to the designated place will build a house, and a church and a school will be built in such places. In villages with more than 100 families, schools and monasteries are built at the expense of the state;
  

It is forbidden to build villages voluntarily, to move from one village to another”, [5] was said.

Articles 280 and 284 of the Charter also stipulate that retired servicemen from the Turkestan military district shall provide each family of retired officers with 10 to 30 desiatins of land, 100 rubles of money, bricks and timber for housing.

In the clause X of the charter states that Russian peasants who profess Christianity will be relocated solely to agriculture, and that they will not be given land on more than 10 acres of state vacant land[6].

Articles 155 and 270 of the Statute instruct that lands not used by the Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) be included in the vacant land fund[7].

However, the Governor-General of Turkestan, S. Vrevsky, signed an order prohibiting the resettlement of peasants in Turkestan, prohibiting the requirements of the Charter of 1886. The Russian Empire's Interior Ministry repatriated those who had traveled to Turkestan via Astrakhan and the Caspian Sea without permission. The Department of Agriculture and State Property officially banned the relocation. By 1898, Governor-General Dukhovsky had ordered the search for “vacant lands” for the displaced. In the same year, a “Resettlement Committee” was established under the Turkestan Tax Administration[8].

In conclusion, the regulation of land-water relations between the displaced population and the local population also forced the colonial administration to develop a legislative framework in this direction. Far from the culture of farming based on artificial irrigation, the European-speaking population did not fully realize at first that water and land were equally important in farming in the East. The first step in this direction was the “Temporary Regulation” on the use of water in 1877 by the first Governor-General of Turkestan P.A. Kaufman. According to this document, the water of rivers and canals is the property of the state, and the release of water to the newly developed lands with the permission of the administration. However, the “Temporary Rule” was valid for only 4 years, and A.Chernyaev, who was governor-general in 1882-1884, declared that water control in the irrigation sector was not necessary. This has led to negative developments in the water and irrigation system.

REFERENCES:
1. Our colonization in Central Asia // TS.Vol. 429-C 231; Antonovich. Resettlement problem // Turkestan courier, 1908.-№ 35.

2. O-vch. Reference book of the resettlement administration // TS-Volume 523.-P.177.

3. Popov P.S. Resettlement and quality workers // TS-Volume 428.-P.64. G.L., Resettlement to the steppe region and Turkestan // TS-Volume 428-156; Nikolai Grigorevich. Notes on the cutting of manor land in the Turkestan region for immigrants // TS.Vol. 425-P.64.

4. Siberia and Turkestan // Tashkent courier, 1906.-№40; Tilgaev K. Rainfed lands // Turkestan courier, 1905, -№ 98, Regarding the hundred-line tracks in the Setirechye // TV.1907.-№79. Our colonization in Central Asia // TS-Volume 429.-P.335.

5. Our colonization in Turkestan // TS.Vol. 586.-P.180.

6. Turkestan to the issue of colonization of the Turkestan region // TS.Vol. 472.-P.2-3.

7. The shown book.- P.5-6.

8. In 1906, the Resettlement Committee was transformed into the Resettlement Party, which began to create vacant land funds for illegal immigrants and to build new settlements.