Match each heading to the most suitable paragraph
7 Paragraph G
A Still difficult to move around
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B Shrinking supply
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C New demands on developers
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D Councils give way to housing associations
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1 Social housing in Britain
A During the past 20 years in Britain there has been a significant decrease in the number of social homes in the housing stock, down from 5.3m to 4.8m. The proportion of social housing has fallen from 29% to 18% during the same period. This is largely due to the policies of Margaret Thatcher's government during the 1980's which forced local councils to sell homes under market price to existing tenants under a 'right to buy' scheme and prevented them from building new houses. New social homes were then to be paid for by central government and managed by local housing associations.
B Next month, the government is expected to announce a significant increase in the Social Housing Department's £1.7 billion annual budget and also intends to make the application process for social housing simpler. The additional £2 billion will build about 50,000 new houses each year at current building costs. Still more houses could be built if subsidies were reduced.
C The UK government is hoping that the extra investment will improve the housing situation. Britain with her increasing population builds fewer new houses than are needed, with a shortfall of 100,000 a year according to Shelter, a housing charity. The result is a boom in house prices that has made owning a home unaffordable for many, especially in London and the south of England. Key public sector workers, such as nurses and teachers, are among those affected.
D In order to increase the social housing stock the government is using a process known as planning gain. Town councils are increasing the amount of social housing developers must build as part of a new building project and which they must give to the local housing association. Even without the financial support of central the government, some local councils in England are using planning gain to increase the proportion of social housing stock. In expensive Cambridge, the council wants 25% of new housing to be social; the figure is 35% in Bristol, while Manchester is planning 40% over the next twenty years.
E Will this housing policy create new sink estates? Hopefully, not. Housing planners have learnt from the mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s when large council housing estates were constructed. Builders have got better at design and planning mixed-use developments where social housing is mixed with, and indistinguishable from, private housing. Social housing developments are winning design awards - a project in London won the Housing Design Award — though it is true that some council estates that now illustrate some of the worst aspects of 1960s architecture won awards at the time.
F The management of social housing stock has largely moved from local councils to housing associations. Housing associations look after the maintenance of the existing housing stock, getting repairs done and dealing with problems like prostitution and drugs while employing estate security and on-site maintenance staff. One significant change is that planners have learned to build smaller housing developments.
G The significant drawback of social housing still remains: it discourages mobility. What happens to the nurse who lives in cheap social housing in one town, and is offered a job in a region that does not provide her with new social housing? The government wants to encourage initiative but is providing a housing system that makes it difficult for people to change their lives. Public-sector workers are increasingly being priced out of London and other expensive parts of the country and, as a result, are unable to take advantage of opportunities available to them.
. …… the Thatcher years, there was a block on building social homes.
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A During
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B After
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C Before
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D not given information
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1 Social housing in Britain
A During the past 20 years in Britain there has been a significant decrease in the number of social homes in the housing stock, down from 5.3m to 4.8m. The proportion of social housing has fallen from 29% to 18% during the same period. This is largely due to the policies of Margaret Thatcher's government during the 1980's which forced local councils to sell homes under market price to existing tenants under a 'right to buy' scheme and prevented them from building new houses. New social homes were then to be paid for by central government and managed by local housing associations.
B Next month, the government is expected to announce a significant increase in the Social Housing Department's £1.7 billion annual budget and also intends to make the application process for social housing simpler. The additional £2 billion will build about 50,000 new houses each year at current building costs. Still more houses could be built if subsidies were reduced.
C The UK government is hoping that the extra investment will improve the housing situation. Britain with her increasing population builds fewer new houses than are needed, with a shortfall of 100,000 a year according to Shelter, a housing charity. The result is a boom in house prices that has made owning a home unaffordable for many, especially in London and the south of England. Key public sector workers, such as nurses and teachers, are among those affected.
D In order to increase the social housing stock the government is using a process known as planning gain. Town councils are increasing the amount of social housing developers must build as part of a new building project and which they must give to the local housing association. Even without the financial support of central the government, some local councils in England are using planning gain to increase the proportion of social housing stock. In expensive Cambridge, the council wants 25% of new housing to be social; the figure is 35% in Bristol, while Manchester is planning 40% over the next twenty years.
E Will this housing policy create new sink estates? Hopefully, not. Housing planners have learnt from the mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s when large council housing estates were constructed. Builders have got better at design and planning mixed-use developments where social housing is mixed with, and indistinguishable from, private housing. Social housing developments are winning design awards - a project in London won the Housing Design Award — though it is true that some council estates that now illustrate some of the worst aspects of 1960s architecture won awards at the time.
F The management of social housing stock has largely moved from local councils to housing associations. Housing associations look after the maintenance of the existing housing stock, getting repairs done and dealing with problems like prostitution and drugs while employing estate security and on-site maintenance staff. One significant change is that planners have learned to build smaller housing developments.
G The significant drawback of social housing still remains: it discourages mobility. What happens to the nurse who lives in cheap social housing in one town, and is offered a job in a region that does not provide her with new social housing? The government wants to encourage initiative but is providing a housing system that makes it difficult for people to change their lives. Public-sector workers are increasingly being priced out of London and other expensive parts of the country and, as a result, are unable to take advantage of opportunities available to them.
. In expensive Cambridge, the council wants 25% of new housing to be social; the figure is 35% in Bristol, while Manchester is planning ……………% over the next twenty years.
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A 40
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B 80
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C 50
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D 20
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1 Social housing in Britain
A During the past 20 years in Britain there has been a significant decrease in the number of social homes in the housing stock, down from 5.3m to 4.8m. The proportion of social housing has fallen from 29% to 18% during the same period. This is largely due to the policies of Margaret Thatcher's government during the 1980's which forced local councils to sell homes under market price to existing tenants under a 'right to buy' scheme and prevented them from building new houses. New social homes were then to be paid for by central government and managed by local housing associations.
B Next month, the government is expected to announce a significant increase in the Social Housing Department's £1.7 billion annual budget and also intends to make the application process for social housing simpler. The additional £2 billion will build about 50,000 new houses each year at current building costs. Still more houses could be built if subsidies were reduced.
C The UK government is hoping that the extra investment will improve the housing situation. Britain with her increasing population builds fewer new houses than are needed, with a shortfall of 100,000 a year according to Shelter, a housing charity. The result is a boom in house prices that has made owning a home unaffordable for many, especially in London and the south of England. Key public sector workers, such as nurses and teachers, are among those affected.
D In order to increase the social housing stock the government is using a process known as planning gain. Town councils are increasing the amount of social housing developers must build as part of a new building project and which they must give to the local housing association. Even without the financial support of central the government, some local councils in England are using planning gain to increase the proportion of social housing stock. In expensive Cambridge, the council wants 25% of new housing to be social; the figure is 35% in Bristol, while Manchester is planning 40% over the next twenty years.
E Will this housing policy create new sink estates? Hopefully, not. Housing planners have learnt from the mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s when large council housing estates were constructed. Builders have got better at design and planning mixed-use developments where social housing is mixed with, and indistinguishable from, private housing. Social housing developments are winning design awards - a project in London won the Housing Design Award — though it is true that some council estates that now illustrate some of the worst aspects of 1960s architecture won awards at the time.
F The management of social housing stock has largely moved from local councils to housing associations. Housing associations look after the maintenance of the existing housing stock, getting repairs done and dealing with problems like prostitution and drugs while employing estate security and on-site maintenance staff. One significant change is that planners have learned to build smaller housing developments.
G The significant drawback of social housing still remains: it discourages mobility. What happens to the nurse who lives in cheap social housing in one town, and is offered a job in a region that does not provide her with new social housing? The government wants to encourage initiative but is providing a housing system that makes it difficult for people to change their lives. Public-sector workers are increasingly being priced out of London and other expensive parts of the country and, as a result, are unable to take advantage of opportunities available to them.
Housing planners have learnt from the mistakes of the 1960s and 19………. s when large council housing estates were constructed.
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A 1970
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B 1980
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C 1965
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D 1990
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A Life is improving for managers at the 2,700 stores of Sainsbury, one of the world's largest supermarket groups. A program from PA, a big software company, will make a boring job much simpler: collecting data about each shop's energy consumption, whether from refrigeration, lights or air conditioning. The automated data collection is part of Sainsbury's plan to reduce by 50% emissions of greenhouse gases from existing shops by 2019.
B Sainsbury and PA may well be pioneers, but they are not alone. While governments discuss levels of carbon emissions, many companies have already started to make reductions, or are at least preparing to – leading to more and more software firms offering products to help. If predictions are correct the market for carbon-management software could soon become as large as those for other important business applications such as enterprise application software (EAS) programs, a $7 billion market last year.
C Many companies have measured energy consumption for some time in an attempt to reduce running costs. Other firms have tracked emissions of different types in order to comply with pollution regulations. In recent times, public pressure has led to more companies publishing emissions data in their annual reports or to organizations like the Carbon Monitoring Project. However, most firms will need to upgrade from the basic tools, such as spreadsheets, they they have been using.
D Things are changing, in spite of the recession, says Jim Scarfe, CEO of CarbonReduct, a consultancy. Increased energy costs and new regulations are all pushing companies to monitor their emissions and do so with appropriate software, he states. In the USA, for example, the Carbon Reduction Plan will come into force next year. Among other things, it requires firms that use more than 8,000 megawatt-hours of electricity per annum to evaluate and report the energy they consume.
E Expecting an increase in demand, many software-publishers have moved into the market, mostly with internet-based services. In a recent survey SRP Research, another consultancy, listed no fewer than 183 suppliers. Some emphasise reporting, others compliance and still others improving business processes. There are well-established companies, such as EnergySoft and LMG. Many start-ups, such as CarbonModel and GreenData, have appeared. Even Large software firms like Oracle and IBM have also moved into the market.
F For the time being, the needs of most firms are simple: making sure that energy data is collected and can be audited. But in the years ahead, this will change, predicts Susanna Sierra of SRP. Companies will need software that collects energy data automatically, while helping them to find the best ways to reduce emissions and allowing them to manage other resources, such as water.
G Scarfe and Sierra both expect that Oracle and SAP, which already dominate most types of business software, will control the market in this area, too, because it is a good match for their other products. These giants also have the resources to buy the best technology. In June SAP purchased Green Standards, a start-up. Oracle is thought to be planning a similar purchase soon. But they have other rivals. LMG has been buying companies selling environmental software. Some expect great things from X8, a start-up founded by Jana Novic, who pioneered EAS software.
H All this interest gives an idea of how important the business of monitoring environmental performance is likely to become. Scarfe recently suggested that in time it could even be as big a market as financial accounting.
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