The role of human capital in the innovative development of the
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- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. LITERATURE REVIEW
- III. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
- IV. CONCLUSION
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2223
Jasurbek Ataniyazov, Elshod Alimardonov 1
The current innovation processes in all areas of the economy, combined with the growing interest of economic theory in human capabilities, realized in the form of human capital, lead to the formation of an innovative society, the competitiveness of which is determined not so much by tangible assets, which also certainly play an important role as level of innovation and intellectual development. The modern economy is called the economy of effective human capital, which emphasizes its main role in the development of the economy and society as a productive factor. Human capital is becoming the most important factor in the economic growth of the country, the basis for sustainable economic development. The article is devoted to the role and significance of the human factor in the economy, education, science and society. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the economic content, the role and influence of human capital on the economy, education and science. The current stage of world scientific, technical and socio-economic development is characterized by a fundamental change in the role and significance of the human factor in the economy and society. Human capital is becoming the most important factor in economic growth and determines the future of the country. International experience confirms that investment in human capital and, in particular, in education, from early childhood to adulthood, contributes to significant returns for the economy and society, economic growth of the country. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has come to the conclusion that if the average training period for residents of a particular country increases by one year, this increases the gross domestic product of a given state by 3-6%. A 1% increase in allocations for education leads to an increase in the country's gross domestic product by 0.35%.
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2224 However, it must be remembered that investment in education is a long-term investment, one cannot expect instant results from them, but they are absolutely necessary for the successful development of the state. According to the World Bank, based on a study of the eco-nomics of 192 countries, 55% of economic growth is determined by human capital. According to experts, in developed countries, an increase in the duration of education by one year will lead to an increase in gross domestic product (GDP) by 5–15%. In the context of globalization of the world economy, in conditions of free flow of any capital, including human capital, from country to country, from region to region, from city to city in conditions of intense international competition, accelerated development of high technologies, human capital serves as the main intensive a competitive factor in the development of those countries of the world that make advanced investments in high-quality human capital, organize and finance its inflow into the country, create better conditions for work and situ world's leading experts and country [5]. The choice of human capital as the main factor of development for a developing country literally dictates a systematic and integrated approach in formulating a concept or strategy for the development of both human capital itself and the overall development strategy of a country. It requires linking with them all other strategic planning documents. This dictate follows from the essence of national human capital as a synthetic and complex factor of development. Moreover, this dictate emphasizes the high quality and productivity of labor, the high quality of life, work and the tools of specialists determining the creativity and creative energy of human capital. Analysis of the processes of scientific and technological development shows that human capital, its cycles of growth and development are the main factors and drivers of the generation of innovative waves of development and cyclical development of the world economy and society. Gradually accumulated knowledge. Education and science developed on their basis. A layer of highly professional scientific and technical, managerial and intellectual elite in general was formed, under the authority of which another breakthrough in the development of the country was accomplished. Moreover, the level and quality of national human capital determine the upper bar in the development of science and economics. And without raising the quality of national human capital to the level of quality and work ethics required by an innovative economy, it is impossible to jump into an innovative economy and, moreover, into a knowledge economy. At the same time, the share of unskilled labor in the GDP of developed and developing countries is becoming less and less, and in technologically advanced countries it is already vanishingly small. Any work now in a civilized country requires education and knowledge. The driving force behind the development of human capital and an innovative economy is competition in all types of activities. Competition forms and selects the best specialists, the most effective management, increases the quality of human capital. Competition encourages entrepreneurs and management to create innovative products and services. Free competition, economic freedom in its international definition are the main stimulants and drivers for the growth of the quality and competitiveness of national human capital, the growth of knowledge production, the generation of innovations and the creation of effective innovation products. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2225
For the first time, the concept of “human capital” appeared in economic theory thanks to the efforts of two Nobel Prize winners in economics T.Shultz [6] and G. Becker [7], who believe that improving the welfare of poor people does not depend on land, technology or their efforts, but rather, from knowledge. A fundamental contribution to the development of the modern theory of human capital was made by T. Shultz, G. Becker, E. Denison, R. Solow, J. Kendrick, R. Lucas, S. Gulyamov, K. Abdurakhmanov, D. Rakhmanov and other economists, sociologists. T. Schultz proposed the following definition: “All human resources and abilities are either innate or acquired. Each person is born with an individual complex of genes that determines his innate human potential. Valuable qualities acquired by a person that can be enhanced by appropriate investments, we call human capital” [6]. The concept of human capital was put forward by the American economist G. Becker in 1960 and denotes the accumulated knowledge, skills, and abilities that a worker possesses and is acquired by him during training, education, vocational training, and production experience . Becker considered the main investment in human capital to be the cost of education and training, and estimated their economic efficiency as the ratio of income to cost, receiving about 12-14% of annual profit. J. Kendrick refers to human capital as a person’s knowledge, general and specific, of his ability to work productively [9]. Academician S.S. Gulyamov investigated the special importance of human capital by financing the social sphere and separately paid attention to the Uzbek development model in Uzbekistan [2]. Human capital includes the totality of intellectual abilities, professional skills, knowledge and human skills obtained in the process of education and practical activity, quality of life and health. Modern theorists point out that “the production of human capital is the process of creating the productive abilities of a person through investment” [11] which means “any action that enhances the skills and abilities and thereby the productivity of workers” [12]. Other studies have noted the “undoubted benefit in investing in human capital” of their employees for companies. Companies “must become a source of development of human capital and persistently develop it” [14] since decisions made regarding investments in the human capital of an employee will shape the organization’s future for the coming years. In Uzbekistan, the main sources of maintaining its high status in the world have always been human and intellectual capital, which is based on a high level of education and cultural traditions, scientific and industrial potential, based on a developed raw materials and processing base [1]. Thus, the national human capital acts as a stable and long-term source of economic growth, and the effective development of the socio-economic sphere is the most important condition for improving and improving the quality of human capital in an innovative economy.
The economy of the most developed countries, more and more focused on innovation, forms such a system of relations between science, industry and society, in which innovation serves as the basis for the development of industry and society,
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2226 and those, in turn, stimulate the development of innovations and determine their directions and thereby - The most important areas of scientific activity. Consequently, by the joint efforts of the state, the entrepreneurial and scientific environment and society as a whole, it is possible to build a mechanism for developing the country's innovative potential. In this regard, it becomes relevant to study the actual state of innovation. The defining link for creating innovation is the field of science. Human capital in almost all countries of the world exceeds half the accumulated national wealth. The developed economies of the leading countries of the world are fighting for the formation of a new economy - the economy of knowledge, innovation, global information systems, the latest technology and venture business. The basis of such an economy is human capital, which is the main driving force of the socio-economic development of modern society [5]. In the framework of the concept proposed by World Bank experts, human capital, including the labor potential, the intellectual power of the nation, the art of management, along with natural resources, accumulated capital and accumulated property, make up the country's national wealth. The main incentives for the development of human capital are investment, innovation, competition. On the one hand, the innovative sector of the economy, the creative part of the elite, society, and the state are sources of accumulation of high-quality human capital, which determines the direction and pace of development of the country. On the other hand, the accumulated quality human capital lies at the heart of the innovation system and economy. From the second half of the twentieth century. The sectors of knowledge-based and “knowledge-based” high technologies became the driving force of economic development, the distinguishing characteristics of which were high investment attractiveness, high level of investment risk, the use of advanced scientific technologies, high growth potential and expected revenues. According to a Global Innovation Index report published in 2016 by Cornell University, the INSEAD School of Business, and the World Intellectual Property Organization, Switzerland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, Finland, and Singapore top the list. China is among the 25 leading pioneering countries in the world. Russia ranks 38th between Turkey and Chile. The modern information economy (and developed countries have proved this) requires a global upgrade of production, retraining of personnel at all levels (from workers to top-level managers), and the prompt implementation of modern management methods. Such an economy requires highly qualified and highly paid personnel who are able to invest their human capital and develop. Human capital is one of the relevant topics today because in modern conditions the competitive advantages of the economy and the possibility of its modernization are largely determined by the accumulated and realized human capital. Its formation should be carried out through the achievement of a high quality of life in general and in particular at the micro level - by creating comfortable and safe working conditions, highly paid employment, and the possibility of self- realization. The main task is to stimulate demand for innovation and, as a result, for human capital. The transition to innovative development means that innovation should cover not only the creation of new technologies, their introduction into production, but also the promotion of products on the market, an adequate communication infrastructure. An innovative economy differs from the traditional one and represents a new type of economic relations arising in the production process between its subjects. It is important to understand that the transition to innovative development is due International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2227 to the corresponding development of the productive forces of man - the subject of an innovative economy. The main element of the process of development of innovative production is a creative person, and his human capital becomes the main resource of innovative production based on the generation of new knowledge. For the successful development of the economy, it is necessary to ensure the appropriate quality of labor resources. It is this policy that is currently adhered to by most developed countries that invest significant financial resources in this area. Financing the development of human capital is, in our opinion, an investment in education and healthcare, which results in initiatives to form innovations for economic growth [4]. The peculiarity of production based on innovation is that the production process becomes a creative process of converting knowledge into a new product. At the same time, the basic effect of a knowledge-based innovative economy is both in the creation of new knowledge and the production of high-tech products, and in their use in all sectors and fields. The determining factor for the sustainable development of the innovation economy in modern conditions is the formation and development of the country's innovation environment, associated with the use of the results of scientific research and development to create fundamentally new types of products, create and apply new technologies for its production with subsequent implementation and implementation on the market. The number of enterprises and organizations producing innovative goods, works and services increased by 7.5 times from 2010 to 2017 from 289 to 2171 units. The number of enterprises that first mastered the production of innovative products, works and services increased by 1007 units. The volume of innovative goods, works, services in 2017 amounted to 18,543.3 billion soums. This figure is 1.7 times more than in 2017 and 14 times than in 2008. Innovation costs increased 8 times compared to 2008, decreasing 1.6 percent compared to 2016. In 2017, 975 enterprises and organizations introduced 1946 types of technological innovations. Of the introduced technological innovations, 61.6 percent (1198) belong to small enterprises and micro-firms [16]. Today, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the cost of research and development, which is one of the most important indicators evaluating the country's innovation, is 0.22% of GDP. According to the Institute for Statistics UNESCO (UIS), in 2016, the cost of research and development in Israel is 4.3% of GDP, in the Republic of Korea 4.2% of GDP, in Switzerland 3.4% to GDP, in Sweden 3.3% of GDP and in Japan, this figure is 3.1% of GDP. A significant part of R&D expenses goes to pay for labor and salaries of R&D personnel (researchers, technicians, and support staff involved in R&D). Reflecting this, the figures for the Researchers per Million Residents indicator follow a similar pattern, as does the trend toward R&D spending, but there are differences. The ranking is dominated by the following countries, in which the share of researchers in relation to the total population of countries is considered: Israel (8250), Denmark (7515), Sweden (7153), Republic of Korea (7113) and Singapore (6730). However, in absolute terms (the number of researchers in millions), China (1.69 million), the USA (1.38 million), Japan (0.67 million), the Russian Federation (0.43 million) and Germany ( 0.40 million) [15]. Effective innovative activity means the increasing role of human creative abilities for self-realization, which establishes a strong dependence of the production process of innovation on the development and improvement of the subject of the innovative economy.
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2228 World economic development trends identified by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicate a significant impact of the process of accumulating knowledge and human capital on the pace of economic development. The formation and effective use of human capital is associated with a focused policy aimed at solving a specific range of strategic and tactical tasks specific to each innovative enterprise. Human capital management is a strategic and planned approach to managing the organization’s most valuable workforce. To achieve the goals of the organization, it is necessary to evaluate the value and effectiveness of human capital [13]. Almost all leading countries have a well-thought-out strategy for scientific and technological development, which is being implemented in practice and provided by the allocation of significant financial resources. Such strategies are implemented by the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, China, Brazil and India. The main emphasis in these programs is on increasing government investment in R&D in priority sectors, stimulating domestic demand for high-tech products, taking comprehensive measures to promote innovative activity of the private sector, especially small and medium-sized businesses, as well as training qualified scientific and engineering personnel. In the formation of an innovative economy, the education system is of particular importance. In particular, if the share of the able-bodied population with higher education in the developing countries makes up 3 percent of the total population, 30 percent in industrialized countries, 60 percent in an innovative economy, then this figure should be 80 percent in an intellectual economy [3]. This shows how important attention is paid to the field of higher education in the knowledge economy. In this regard, when enrolling students in higher education institutions, it is necessary to take into account public- private partnerships, i.e. provide for the allocation of additional places, providing them with funds in accordance with the number of requests for specialties from private sector entities. We also consider it appropriate participation of the private sector in the formation of the structure of academic disciplines with the involvement of their funds. IV. CONCLUSION The study allows us to draw the following conclusions. To create an effective innovative infrastructure that ensures the transfer of research and development sector results to the national and global economies, it is necessary to ensure the widespread use of the following institutional mechanisms for the integration of education, science and business: assistance in the development of cooperative ties between the main subjects of the innovation system: education, science and business; the formation of financial institutions that ensure continuity of financing of business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle; development of the production and technological infrastructure of innovation (technology parks, innovation and technology centers, business incubators, technology transfer centers, etc.); development of information, expert consulting and educational infrastructure for innovation; further improvement of the quality of training in educational institutions through the introduction of new educational programs, modern pedagogical technologies in the educational process;
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 09, 2020 ISSN: 1475-7192 2229 organization of a system for training managers in the field of innovation to accelerate the impact of innovation; development and implementation of a national system for assessing the quality of education and its impact on the level of innovative development of the country based on systematic monitoring of the results of the educational process at the regional and national levels; increasing the coverage of higher education; strengthening the research component of higher educational institutions on the basis of state support for the most active universities in this field, selected by the number of published scientific articles, citation index, participation in international conferences and seminars, the number of patents received.
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