The subject of history of English

17 Strong Verbs are divided into seven classes. 1 ї— ā — i — i

wrïtan - wrāt - writon — writen (to write) ;rïsan - rās - rison - risen (rise). 2 ēo-ēa-u-o bēodan - bēad - budon - boden (to offer); clēofan - clēa f - clufon - clofen (to cleave). The verbs that had s after the root vowel had the change of the consonant : cēosan - cēas - curon - coren (to choose) .Some class II verbs have the vowel ū instead of the usual ēo : lūcan - lēac - lucon - locen (to lock). 3there are several variations of root vowels in this class of verbs.a) if nasal sound + another consonant followed the root vowel the gradation formula was:i - a(o) - u – udrincan - dranc - druncon - druncen (to drink); b) if / + another consonant followed the root vowel, then this formula was i/e - ea - u – o : helpan - healp - hulpon - holpen (to help);c) if r + consonant or h + consonant followed the root vowels then breaking in the first two forms changed the formula intoeo - ea - u – o : steorfan - stearf - sturfon — storfen (to die). 4The verbs of this class have only one consonant after the short root vowel, and it is a sonorant - r or I, in rare cases - m or n .The scheme of gradation is e - æ- ǣ - o: stelan - stæl – stǣlon - stolen (to steal). 5These verbs also have a short root vowel followed by only one consonant other than I, r or n and here the basic vowels are:e - æ - ǣ – e: sprecan - spræc - sprǣcon - sprecen (to speak).When the first sound was ӡ then diphthongization of e is observed and the forms of such verbs are: ӡiefan - ӡea f - ӡeafon -ӡiefen (to give). 6 a-ō-ō-a :faran - fōr - fōron - faren (to go)Here belong such verbs as wadan (walk), bacan ( b ak e), sceacan (shake). 7 ā-ē-ē-ā: hātan-hēt-hēton-hāten; ā-ēo- ēo-ā: cnāwan-cnēow- cnēowon- cnāwen.

18 Weak verbs , their past tense and Participle II were made by adding the-dental suffix -t- or -d- to the root morpheme. They are divided into three classes- depending on the ending of the infinitive, the sonority of the suffix and the sounds preceding the suffix. New verbs derived from nouns, adjectives and partly adverbs were conjugated weak: hors n (horse) —horsian w v 2 (supply with horses) .Borrowed verbs (though not very numerous in Old English) were also weak: Lat. signare — seʒnian (to mark with a sign). Classes : 1 The verbs of this class ended in -an (or -ian after r). Originally they had had a stem-forming suffix -i- that caused the mutation of the root vowel.Regular class I verbs have mutation of their root vowel , and the three basic forms of the verb end in:-a n / -ia n — de/ede/te – ed/-t-d: (nasjan —> ) nerian - nerede - nered (to save). When the suffix was preceded by a voiceless consonant, the suffix -d- changed into in the second participle both -t- and -ed are found: cēpan - cēpte - cēpt, cēped (to keep).If the stem ended in two consonants, the second being d or t, participle II of such verbs, can have variant endings - in -d, -t, or -ded, -ted: sendan - sende - send, sended (to send) .Irregular verbs of the 1st class of the weak verbs had mutated vowel only in the infinitive (salian —> ) sellan - sealde - seald (to give). 2 These verbs originally had the suffix -oia- in the infinitive; the root vowel is the same in all three forms. The absence of mutation in the infinitiveis due to the fact that the -i- (from -oja-) appeared at the time when the process of mutation was over. The suffix gave the vowel -o- in the past tense and in the infinitive. -ian - ode - od : macian - mac ode - macod (to make) . 3 The suffix -ai-, that determined the peculiarities of conjugation of the weak verbs of the third class in Old English is no lohger found. Some verbs of this class have doubled consonants in the Infinitive and the mutated vowels, which are accounted for by the presence of the element in some forms in Old English. -an-de-d: libban-lifde-lifd(to live).