The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Knowing and Not-Knowing Animals
Communion explores the inability of the human protagonist, Felix Oswald, to understand the needs of a terminally ill husky dog. As Atwood observes, Felix “feels more for the diseased animals at the veterinarian’s where he works than he does for anyone else” (83). His repeated (failed) attempts to comprehend the dog, its suffering, and its illness become an obsession. He fantasizes about “taking the dog out into the winter bush and freeing it, thereby freeing —perhaps—a part of himself” (83). Although I do not read Communion through Atwood’s victim theory, I suggest that the ‘failure of knowing’ narratives do expose the fantasies human characters incorrectly apply to animals. By associating ‘the wild’ with some sense of revitalization for both himself and the dog, Feli x demonstrates his complete misinterpretation of the animal’s own needs. There is no “returning” a domesticated animal to “the wild,” as was Felix’s intention and certainly not an extremely ill one (Gibson 275). Inevitably, when he makes the attempt, Felix ’s ‘altruism’ is exposed as a delusion and the husky tries to remain in the car: “This isn’t the way it’s supposed to be” (290). Demonstrating his fundamental inability to empathize with the dog, Felix forces it out of the car. When he tries to drive away, the dog runs alongside, and is accidentally killed; his fantasy of rescuing the animal results in its gruesome, painful death (293). The husky’s efforts to remain with the car communicate an intense desire and a supreme assertion of agency in spite of severe illness. It is clear that the fault lies not with the animal’s inability to express itself, but with the human’s failure to comprehend. Other ‘failure of knowing’ narratives also use an act of nonhuman agency to expose the human character’s misunderstanding or misinterpretation. Unlike Allmark-Kent 55 in Communion , however, the animal’s actions are often violent. As I have discussed, Bear demonstrates the human protagonist Lou’s failure to interpret the actions —or rather the inaction—of a male bear: “she mounted him. Nothing happened. He could not penetrate her and she could not get him in. She turned away. He was quite unmoved” (Engel 122). As Gwendolyn Guth remarks in her chapter in Other Selves , “the bear remains a bear, a mystery, an inscrutable other. He is neithe r toy nor ogre but ‘lump,’ placidly unmoved by Lou’s attempts to dance with him or mount him” (37). I argue that, like Felix, Lou is unable to decipher the animal’s inaction as a form of communication. Rather than understanding their stationary bodies on t he animal’s own terms, Lou and Felix see them as blank states upon which they can inscribe their own fantasies. When the husky and the bear act unexpectedly, Felix and Lou begin to comprehend the errors in their perceptions, yet both remain unable to under stand the animal’s meaning: Slowly, magestically, [sic] his great cock was rising. […] She took her sweater off and went down on all fours in front of him, in the animal posture. He reached out one great paw and ripped the skin on her back. At first she felt no pain. She simply leapt away from him. Turned to face him. He had lost his erection and was sitting in the same posture. She could see nothing, nothing, in his face to tell her what to do. (Engel 131- 2, emphasis added) Significantly, however, Gibson and Engel do not provide insights into the husky or the bear’s perceptions of these human-animal relationships. They remain unknowable to both human characters and readers. I suggest that The Studhorse Man depicts another human character’s attempts to fantasize and create meaning through a distorted perception of a nonhuman. In Kroetsch’s picaresque adventure, man and horse travel in search of females (human and equine) with whom to copulate. The novel’s opening words are “Hazard had to get hold of a mare” (5). As Aritha van Herk remarks in Allmark-Kent 56 her introduction, “The cock that Hazard Lepage peddles is presumably that of his stallion, Poseidon; but the cock that gets the most action is his own” (vi). Hazard’s efforts to perpetuate his rare breed of horse, which carries his own name, becomes entangled with his own identity and sexuality. As indicated by references to the “Lepage stud,” I argue that Hazard attempts to construct himself as a stud horseman (77). As the novel progresses, the distinctions between man and horse become increasingly blurred. Hazard even encourages horses to share his decrepit mansion, in which the headboards of beds are decorated with the names of Lapage stallions: “The sixth, without sheets or a pillow, bore the name POSEIDON” (187). Yet, at the end of the novel, Poseidon attacks Hazard without warning: [T]he first cry came from the rooms beyond the library: the exquisitely piercing mortal cry, the cry half horse, half man, the horse-man cry of pain or delight […] the two heads were together, the man’s, the stallion’s. The stallion’s yellow teeth closed on the arm of the man. And Hazard Lepage flew upward through the air as if he were a spirit rising to the sky; but his body came back to earth, under the sickening crunch of the stallion’s hoofs. (198, 201). Hazard lies “crushed,” while Poseidon disappears with a “crash” through a bay window (201). Poseidon severs the connection between studhorse and studhorse man (or stud horseman), whether intentionally or not. Again, however, the animal’s actions are both unexpected and incomprehensible. The abrupt disappearance of the tiger, Richard Parker, at the end of Life of Pi also follows this pattern: “I still cannot understand how he could abandon me so unceremoniously, without any sort of goodbye, without looking back even once” (Martel 7). After spending months stranded in a lifeboat together, Pi’s confusion indicates that he still does not know the tiger, the nature of their relationship, or the tiger’s perception of him. In “Lick Me, Bite Me, Hear Me, Write Me,” Travis Mason observes: “During the closing chapters especially, Life |
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