Theme: Assessment of the rating of the financial condition of enterprises in the digital economy Contents: Introduction The first chapter. Theoretical basis for evaluating the rating of the financial condition of enterprises in the digital

2.3. The system of indicators used in rating the financial status of enterprises and the methods of their determination
There is no unified methodology for choosing the exact number and composition of the system of indicators used in the rating assessment of the financial situation. for this reason, analysts, experts and their group, rating agents determine the procedures for determining it according to the group of financial coefficients composed by the form of property, activity and other aspects of each branch, industry and enterprise.
It is recommended to include the following system of indicators among the important indicators determined in the rating assessment of the financial situation:
- solvency and liquidity indicators: current, intermediate and general solvency liquidity indicators;
- financial coefficients characterizing financial stability: autonomy, capitalization, maneuverability coefficients, etc.;
- coefficients characterizing work activity: turnover coefficients of assets, capital and liabilities, etc.;
- financial coefficients characterizing profit and profitability: assets, capital, cost profitability coefficients, etc.
The results of the enterprise's activity in the last five years
When studying the system of indicators representing financial status and efficiency, first of all, it is necessary to focus on "fair assessment" of assets and liabilities, property, income and expenses. Because the studied system of indicators is first of all characterized by the correct determination, validity and reliability of this value. One of its ideological authors is Raymond John Chambers. In Chambers' ideological views, methods of determining the real value of assets under the influence of inflation are put forward.
Different words are usually used for the literal English translation of "fair assessment". For example, "fair assessment", "specific assessment", "legal assessment", "regular assessment".
Initially, fair value determination was viewed as an important revaluation tool. The first efforts to independently evaluate financial instruments in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard 32 (IFRS) began, and this situation opened a new era, a change in accounting. This situation, while changing the value of investment and financial assets, currency balance, did not affect their financial results.
Fair valuation characterizes the calculation of balance sheet items at their true value at the time of creation. "Fair assessment" refers to the reassessment of the financial position of the enterprise and its financial performance, taking into account changes in the influence of the market, regardless of the value of the enterprise's property and production costs. That is, it solves the requirement to prepare financial reports that are free from the influence of the subject. In the current accounting system, the following features of fair assessment in the international arena are characterized.
Scope: The scope of Fair Valuation is limited. This method is applied in relation to specific property units (investment property, biological assets, financial instruments, separate compositions of assets) or in relation to certain types of processes (business integration, revaluation of fixed assets, assessment of free values, etc.). Method of calculation: fair value is different for the assets and processes of economic activity.
Fair assessment of assets affects the financial performance of enterprises, and fair assessment of processes affects the capitalization process. Changes in the fair valuation of biological assets (livestock and crops, plants) lead to profits and losses, and revaluation of fixed assets leads to changes in the capital of the enterprise.
Biological assets are a new accounting concept, as is "fair value". Agricultural activities that provide for the management of biotransformation in accordance with the EMS include the creation of agricultural products from biological assets or the cultivation of additional biological assets. Fair valuation depends on the type of assets and the degree of change in their value.
Fair value is determined based on competitive market valuations (non-brokered agreements based on complete information of sellers and buyers). If it is not possible to determine the market price of the asset, it is determined based on the profit it will bring during the periods of use and service. If it is not possible to determine whether the assets will generate income in the future, they are valued at replacement cost. In rare and rarely observed cases, i.e., if none of the above methods make it possible to determine the fair value, then the calculation is based on the initial value.
The level of activity of various organizations and enterprises is evaluated in relation to each other by rating the financial situation. this process can be considered as a matter of learning on a macro scale in relation to the enterprises that are part of the same system and network.
This issue is characterized by two aspects:
The first aspect involves the comparison of the comprehensive assessment of the activities of several enterprises based on the system of important indicators compiled by the analyst and determining their sequence by levels.
The second aspect refers to processes carried out on the basis of comparison of several benchmark results among enterprises.
in the first aspect, the system of indicators is chosen differently for rating evaluation, and in the second aspect, it is based on the system of officially defined indicators.
The composition of the activities of economic entities operating as a separate financial reporting entity through rating evaluation is an important tool for determining the competitiveness of the enterprise in terms of the level of capitalization in the conditions of the market economy.
The purpose of the rating assessment is to determine their comparative position in relation to competitors and other subjects by assessing the financial stability of enterprises.
The following characteristics of the rating assessment are included.
- the financial indicators used in the assessment must be reflected in the official published financial reports;
- the index system of rating assessment includes: profitability indicators, management efficiency indicators, work activity indicators, liquidity level and sustainability indicators. Each composition consists of three to seven indicators;
- the rating is based on the indicator of the standard enterprise with a high level of all content indicators;
- the conclusion drawn on the basis of the rating assessment differs sharply from the conclusions of the analysis of the financial situation, and in this, the economic development trends of the enterprise are of great importance.
In rating assessment, the coefficient of participation must meet the following students
- to have the maximum level of information;
- have a one-sided character (for example, the growth of the coefficient should characterize the improvement of the financial situation)
- all indicators must have quantitative minimum standards
- should be calculated on the basis of official, published financial statement data.
The formula for determining and calculating the rating can be expressed by the ratio of the following units.
in which, L - indicators determined in rating assessment;
N - normative requirement of the coefficient;
K – coefficient 1/ L*;
N - is an index.
If this indicator is less than 1, it characterizes the financial situation as unsatisfactory.
The following indicators are included among the most commonly used indicators in rating evaluation. These are:
1. Coefficient of self-funding;
2. Balance liquidity;
3. Advanced capital turnover;
4. Effectiveness of enterprise management;
5. Return on equity.
Rating evaluation indicators and their norms
1. Equity ratio
Kt = Source of own funds (UMM) + Long-term loans and debts (UMKQ) - Long-term assets (A) / Total assets (JA)
Kt>=0.1
2. Balance liquidity
Kt = Current Assets (JA) / Current Liabilities (JM)
Kl>=0.1
3. Advanced capital turnover
Ka = Sales revenue / Capital advanced*365
Ka>=2.5
4. Effectiveness of enterprise management
Ks = Profit from sales / Revenue from sales
Ks>=(r-1)
5. Return on equity
Kk = Profit before tax / Equity
Ka>=0.2
At the end of this methodological approach, which is widely used in practice, the rating is calculated based on the following formula.
R=2Kt+0.1Kl+0.08Ka+0.45 s+ Kk
This practice is similar to the models used abroad in determining bankruptcy and economic insolvency.
The final stage of the analysis of the accounting balance is drawing up and formalizing the final conclusions of the results of the analysis. In the final conclusion, the property status of enterprises, their resources, economic and financial potential, solvency, liquidity, financial strength and stability of the enterprise are diagnosed.
On the basis of this diagnosis, it is possible to give an economic rating of enterprises. The following can be included in the methodological criteria for determining the economic and financial rating of enterprises based on the accounting balance sheet:
- economic and financial potential of the enterprise;
- the real value of the property fund, assets and liabilities of the enterprise;
- solvency of the enterprise;
- financial strength and stability of the enterprise;
- mobility (liquidity) of enterprise funds.
Giving importance to formalization of the results of the analysis in a methodical order, the conclusions to be expressed in a clear and fluent language, the validity, reasonableness and objectivity of the achievements.