Theme: the adjective and the adverb

LECTURE 7 (2 hours)
THEME: THE ADJECTIVE AND THE ADVERB.


Plan:

1. 
   The Adjective: form, neaning, function
   
2. 
   The Structural types of adjectives (simple, derivative, composite (compound, complex). Substantivation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns.
   
3. 
   The Semantic types of adjectives (quantitative, qualitative, relative).
   
4. 
   The grammatical categories(of degree of com­parison and od number with substantivized adjectives( no categories with relative adjectives)
   
5. 
   The elative use of adjectives and the indefinite article preceding them
   
6. 
   The adverb as notional part of speech (meaning, form, function).
   
7. 
   The structural and semantic type of adjectives.
   
8. 
   The syntactical functions of the adverb (problem of substantivization of adverbs (Nowhere means smth negative. Somewhere is indefinite. Everywhere does not suit you)
   
9. 
   The grammatical category of degree the adverb (synthetic, analytical and suppletive ways of forming the degree).
   
10. 
    The grammatical homonymy of adverbs and adjectives( fast – fast, late –late, hard –hard, adverbs and modal words (like certainly-ceretainly, possibly-possibly,obviously- obviously ( compare also: untimely, monthly, nightly news, weekly, yearly, etc. are adjectives, but in “We work nightly” the last word is an adverb).
    
11. 
    The adverb and its partial substantivization (in such cases as “from here, up to now, since then( when)” when preceeded by prepositions.
    
12. 
    Disputable nature of word groups of the type “put down, put on, bring up, come in, set up, turn on, turn off, etc.
    

Key words: adjective as a primary, notional part of speech, three main criteria to characterize the adjective, form, meaning, function of adjectives, simple, derivative, composite( compound, complex) adjectives, substantivation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns, semantic types of adjectives( quantitative, qualitative, relative), grammatical category of degree com­parison, elative use of adjectives, adverb as notional part of speech(meaning, form, function). structural and semantic type of adjectives, syntactical functions of the adverb, grammatical category of degree, synthetic, analytical and suppletive ways of forming the degree of comparison, grammatical homonymy of adverbs and adjectives, adjectives with “-ly”, substantivization of adverbs in cases like: “from here, up to now, since then( when)”, problem of treating the final element of the word groups of the type: “put down, put on, bring up, come in, set up, turn on, turn off”, etc.

1. The adjective is a part of speech expressing the categorial semantics-i.e. meaning of property (quility) of a substance. It always denotes some certain features of names in the text. Sometimes it denotes the property of the substitute of substance that is the indefinite pronoun ''one''. This is a good book. It is indeed a good one. Sometimes the adjective comes very close to the nouns.

We are fighting the white.
The whites will surrender.
The adjectives usually denote (nominate) the size, position, quality, measure (many numerous, various) plentiful, material (woollen, wooden, silk) and physical state of persons or thing old, happy, sad, hard, soft etc. So their meaning is that of property .
2. The adjectives have various forms depending on morphological features of them. They have the category of degree of comparison. dark-darker-the darkest big-bigger-the biggest.
3.The adjectives are specialized in the function of mostly an attribute to a noun or a predicative in a compound predicate.
A good book is there, The book is good.
Sometimes they may have the function of a subject and object. It is observed only when they are substantivized.
The Red are sure to win. I support the Red.
I spoke to the native people.
The natives are very wonderful people.
There are various opinions on the nature of some words adjectives such as; much, many, little, few, expressing quantity. As they have the category of comparison they are close to the adjectives, as well as to the numerals. By some other features they are close to pronouns. In fact, as Ivanova considers these words lie between the adjectives and the numerals, they being intermediate parts of speech. She suggests to consider them as an interfield group of words, having the features of the adjectives numerals and pronouns. The adjectives are characterized by the following stem-building elements; -ful, -less,-ish, -ons, -ive, -un, -pre, -in... hopeful, tactful, homeless, lavish, boyish etc.
There is not much to be said about the English adjective from the morphological point of view. As is well known, it has neither number, nor case, nor gender distinctions. Some adjectives have, however, degrees of comparison, which make part of the morpho­logical system of a language. Thus, the English adjective differs materially not only from such highly inflected languages as Rus­sian, Latin, and German, where the adjectives have a rather com­plicated system of forms, but even from Modern French, which has preserved number and gender distinctions to the present day (cf. masculine singular grand, masculine plural grands, feminine sin­gular grande, leminme plural grandes 'large').
By what signs do we, then, recognize an adjective as such in Modern English? In most cases this can be done only by taking into account semantic and syntactical phenomena. But in some ■cases, that is, for certain adjectives, derivative suffixes are significant, too. Among these are the suffix -less (as in useless), the. suffix -like (as in ghostlike), and a few others. Occasionally, however, though a suffix often appears in adjectives, it cannot be taken as a certain proof of the word being an adjective, because the suffix may also make part of a word belonging to another part of speech. Thus, the suffix -ful would seem to be typically adjectival, as is its anto­nym -less. In fact we find the suffix -ful in adjectives often enough, as in beautiful, useful, purposeful, meaningful, etc. But alongside of these we also find spoonful, mouthful, handful, etc., which are nouns.
On the whole, the number of adjectives which can be recog­nized as such by their suffix seems to be insignificant as compared with the mass of English adjectives. The only morphological problem concerning adjectives is, then, that of degrees of comparison.