Theory of phonetics
III. The place of allophones in the sound system
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Theory of phonetics (1)
III. The place of allophones in the sound system.
The phones are realized in speech, though they do not correspond exactly to the allophone predicted by this or that phonetic environment. They are modified by phonostylistic, dialectal and individual factors. In fact, no speech sounds are absolutely alike. phonostylistic variation phoneme → allophone → dialectal → phone variation individual variation Allophones of the same phoneme function as the same linguistic unit. The phoneme is an abstract linguistic unit; it is an abstraction from actual speech sounds, that is allophonic modifications. The functionally relevant bundle of articulatory features is called the invariant of the phoneme. For example, [d] – occlusive, forelingual and lenis characteristics of this phoneme are generalized in the mind of the speaker into what is called the invariant of this phoneme. The phoneme is objective real, it exists in the material form of speech sounds, its allophones. All the allophones of the same phoneme have some articulatory features in common, that is all of them possess the same invariant. Simultaneously each allophone possesses quite particular phonetic features which may not be traced in the articulation of other allophones of the same phoneme. Any change in the invariant of the phoneme affects the meaning. If an allophone of some phoneme is replaced by an allophone of a different phoneme the mistake called phonological, because the meaning of the word is inevitably affected. It happens when one or more relevant features of the phoneme are not realized. For example, when the vowel [i:] in the word weak becomes slightly more open, more advanced or is no longer diphthongized the word weak may be perceived as quite different word wick. It is perfectly clear that this type of mistakes is not admitted in teaching pronunciation to any type of language learner. If an allophone of the phoneme is replaced by another allophone of the same phoneme the mistake is called phonetic. It happens when the invariant of the phoneme is not modified and consequently the meaning of the word is not affected. For example, when the vowel [i:] is fully long in such a word as sheep the quality of it remaining the same, the meaning of the word does not change. Language learners are advised not to let phonetic mistakes into their pronunciation. If they do make them the degree of their foreign accent will certainly be an obstacle to the listener’s perception. Download 0.55 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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