Therefore, humans have been interested throughout history in finding and developing means, tools and measuring devices to help them facilitate and manage their life in various fields

Metrology and its various activities take place in most aspects of our daily commercial, economic, industrial, and environmental and health life, through using of various measuring instruments and tools in these fields and making crucial decisions in our daily lives based on the measurement results presented by these devices and tools.

Based on the above, methods, measuring instruments, tools and official and non-official sources and bodies must be available to verify the correctness work of these devices and tools and to identify and reduce errors to reach accurate results that enable us to make the right decisions in different areas.
Therefore, humans have been interested throughout history in finding and developing means, tools and measuring devices to help them facilitate and manage their life in various fields.
Ancient civilizations have been interested in the subject of measurement to facilitate and ensure transparency in business transactions and to cover the needs to design and build buildings, temples and huge structures that have proven the accuracy of the work on its design and construction and have been able to withstand well until the present day.
Ancient Egyptians (pharaohs) used various measuring devices in the field of lengths, enabling them to build the pyramids, temples, tombs and huge structures that still exist up to date.
Ancient Egyptians were the first to develop the principles of geometrical engineering. This was evident before the ancient kingdom in 2700: 2200 BC, when they developed designs for temples and tombs and in the distribution of agricultural areas to the farmers as it turned out In the Central Kingdom (2200: 1700 BC) through what was recorded in the papyrus Ahmose and many other papyruses.
Since the science of geometry depends heavily on dimensions, the ancient Egyptians used the length measurement unit called the arm or the royal arm, which is equal to 525 millimeters and the arm was divided into seven equal units called a finger, which is equal to 75 millimeters and also divided the finger into four equal units named the mind, which is equal 18.75 millimeters.

According the above we can conclude that 1 arm = 7 fingers = 28 mind. These were the length units used by the ancient Egyptians.

A papyrus was found, which was called the standard royal arm papyrus. It's a granite arm used as a reference standard for the unit of lengths to be held by the chief architect. It is clear from the papyrus that the arm is divided into 27 mind and every four minds show the figer of the finger. The chief architect makes models of this arm, some of them are granite and some are wood gives these models to the construction workers. Each worker calibrates his own arm with the standard arm of the chief architect when the moon is completed every month. The papyrus also states that who not calibrate his special arm the penalty was his death. This shows the interest of ancient Egyptians in measuring accuracy, which can be ascertained when we know that the Great Pyramid has a square base with a length of 23042 cm (230 meters). The maximum error of measurement between the four ribs is 7 cm, it's about 0.03%.

In the Roman era, volume measuring instruments was used, which called Amphora,