Thesaurus historiae II sylloge of islamic coins
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Estonian History Museum THESAURUS HISTORIAE II SYLLOGE OF ISLAMIC COINS 710/1 – 1013/4 AD ESTONIAN PUBLIC COLLECTIONS by Ivar Leimus Tallinn 2007 INTRODUCTION
7 FINDS
11 A. Hoards
12 B. Archeological finds
84 Hillforts and se�lements
84 Grave fields
87 C. Uncertain or incomplete find announcements
93 D. Single finds
104 E. Finds outside Estonia
113
Hoards
113
Grave fields
115 Uncertain or incomplete find announcements
116 LITERATUR AND ABBRECVIATIONS 119 PLATES
123
UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
124 ‛ABBASID CALIPHATE
126 as-Saffāh
126 as-Saffāh/ al-Mansūr
126
al-Mansūr
126 al-Mahdī
al-Hādī
144
ar-Rashīd
144 al-Amīn
162 al-Ma’mūn
al-Mu‛tasim billāh
170 al-Wāthiq billāh
172 al-Mutawakkil ‛alā llāh
172 al-Musta‛īn billāh
172 al-Mu‛tazz billāh
172 al-Muhtadī billāh
172 al-Mu‛tamid ‛alā llāh
174 al-Mu‛tadid billāh
174 al-Muktafī billāh
176 al-Muqtadir billāh
178 al-Qāhir billāh
182 ar-Rādi billāh
al-Mu�aqī lillāh
186 GOVERNORS OF TUDGA
188 Halaf ibn al-Muda
188 IDRISID
188
Idrīs I
188
AGHLABID
188 Ibrahīm I
IKHSHIDID
188 Muhammad ibn Tughj
188
AMIR AL-UMARA
188 al-Muzaffar Abu-l-Wafa Tuzun
188 HAMDANID
188 Nāsir ad-daula & Sayf ad-daula
188
Uncertain caliph
190 ‛Uddat ad-daula
194 Sa‛īd ad-daula
194 Abu-l-Ma‛āli & Abu-l-Hasan
194
‛UQAYLID
194 Husām ad-daula
194
Janāh ad-daula & Husām ad-daula
194 Janāh ad-daula
196 Sinān ad-daula
Sinān ad-daula, Janāh ad-daula, Husām ad-daula
196
Mu‛tamid ad-daula & Sinān ad-daula 196
Mu‛tamid ad-daula & Nūr ad-daula
196 Nūr ad-daula
198 Mu‛tamid ad-daula
198
Shahāb ad-daula
198 Abu-l-Mussayyib Rāfi‛ ibn al-Husayn 198
MARWANID
198 Abu ‛Ali al-Hasan
198
Mumahhid ad-daula
198 Abu Shujā‛ Sharwīn
202 Nasr ad-daula
202 TAHIRID
202 Tāhir ibn al-Husayn
202
Talha ibn Tāhir
202 Tāhir ibn ‛Abdallah
202
SAFFARID
202 ‛Amr ibn al-Layth
202
Ahmad ibn Muhammad
202 ABU DA’UDID (BANIJURID)
202 Muhammad ibn Ahmad
202 Abu Ibrahim & Abu Ja‛far
202 Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad
202 Abu? Nasr ibn Ahmad
204 Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Yahya
204 GOVERNORS OF ANDARABA & BANJHIR
204 Harb
204 Maktūm
Maktūm ibn Harb & Mansūr ibn Nūh 204
Contents GOVERNORS OF NAYSABUR (SIMJURID)
Ahmad ibn ‛Abd Allah
204 Ibrahīm ibn Ahmad
204 Abu ‛Ali Husam ad-daula
204 SAMANID
204 Isma‛īl ibn Ahmad
204
Ahmad ibn Isma‛īl
240 Nasr ibn Ahmad
264 Nūh ibn Nasr
358 ‛Abd al-Malik ibn Nūh
372
Mansūr ibn Nūh
376 Nūh II ibn Mansūr
392 Uncertain rulers
394 Isma‛īl ibn Ahmad – Ahmad ibn Isma‛īl 394
Isma‛īl ibn Ahmad – Nasr ibn Ahmad 394
Nasr ibn Ahmad – Mansūr ibn Nūh
394 Nūh ibn Nasr – ‛Abd al-Malik ibn Nūh 394
Mansūr ibn Nūh/Nūh II ibn Mansūr
394 Uncertain ruler
394 Multiple dirham
400 Nūh (ibn Nasr?)
400 ‛Abd al-Malik ibn Nūh?
400 Samānid?
400 GOVERNORS OF HURASAN
402
Ahmad ibn Sahl
402 SAMANID REBELS
404 Ishāq ibn Ahmad
404 Yahyā ibn Ahmad
404 Layla ibn Nu‛man
404 Ibrahīm ibn Ahmad
404 SAJID
404
Yūsuf ibn Diwdad
404 KHAZARS
404 VOLGA-BULGARIANS
406
Samanid imitations with the name of Isma‛il ibn Ahmad
Samanid imitations with the name of Ahmad ibn Isma‛il
Samanid imitations with the name of Ahmad ibn Sahl
408 Samanid imitations with the name of Nasr ibn Ahmad
408 Ahmad ibn Almish
416
Mika’īl ibn Ja‛fār
416 Yaltawar
418 ‛Abdallah (Takin?) ibn Ahmad
420
Talīb ibn Ahmad
420 ‛Abdallah ibn Mika’īl
420 Mūmīn ibn Ahmad
420 Mūmīn ibn al-Hasan
420 Unknown ruler
420 KURDS OF AZARBAYJAN
424 Daysam ibn Ibrahīm
424 SALLARID
424 Isma‛il ibn Wahsūdān & Wahsūdān ibn Muhammad
424 QARAKHANID
424
Nasr ibn ‛Ali & Ahmad ibn ‛Ali
424 Ahmad ibn ‛Ali
424 Muhammad ibn ‛Ali
424 Unknown ruler
424 BAWANDID
424 Rustam ibn Shirwan
424
ZIYARID
426
Zahīr ad-daula (Bisūtūn) & Rukn ad-daula 426 Qābūs ibn Wushmagīr & ‛Adud ad-daula 426 BUYID
426
‛Ali ibn Buwayh
426 ‛Ali ibn Buwayh & Ahmad ibn Buwayh 428
‛Imād ad-daula
428 Rukn ad-daula & ‛Imād ad-daula
428 Mu‛izz ad-daula & ‛Imād ad-daula
428 Mu‛izz ad-daula & Rukn ad-daula
428 Mu‛izz ad-daula, ‛Izz ad-daula, Rukn ad-daula
Rukn ad-daula
430 Rukn ad-daula & ‛Adud ad-daula
430
‛Izz ad-daula & Rukn ad-daula
432 ‛Adud ad-daula
432 ‛Adud ad-daula, Mu’ayyid ad-daula, Rukn ad-daula
‛Adud ad-daula, Mu’ayyid ad-daula, Fakhr ad-daula
Mu’ayyid ad-daula & ‛Adud ad-daula 432
Bahā ad-daula
432 Unknown ruler
432
GOVERNORS OF BATIHA
432 Muhazzib ad-daula & Nusayr ad-daula 432
GOVERNORS OF BARQA‛I?
434 Bahā ad-Daula & As-Saīd Abu Šibl Ibrahīm ibn ar-Rahajī?
‛ABBASID IMITATIONS
434 Khazars/ Caucasus?
434 SAMANID IMITATIONS
434 With the name of Isma‛il ibn Ahmad
434 With the name of Nasr ibn Ahmad
434 With the name of Nūh ibn Nasr
436 Unidentified Samanid imitations
436 UNKOWN IMITATIONS
436 BYZANTINE-CUFIC IMITATION
436 UNIDENTIFIED
436 PAUNKÜLA NECKLACE
440 INDEX OF FINDS
443 Map 1. HOARDS OF ISLAMIC COINS IN ESTONIA ca 808–1014
446
7 Introduction Estonia, like its Baltic Sea coast neighbours, boasts exceptionally abundant 9 th –12
th century coin finds. The coins found in our country from Western Eu- rope, mainly from Germany and England, have already enjoyed more or less thorough cover- age in certain publications in the last 10–15 years (Molvõgin 1994a; Leimus & Molvõgin 2001). In addition to that, preparations were made to pub- lish a sylloge volume about German coins (Leimus 2000). The third larger group of coins, that was ac- tually in circulation earlier than the others, com- prises coins from the East and the South. These are the so-called Kufic coins, the dirhams minted in the Islamic culture region that were used in Esto- nia and neighbouring areas mainly in the 9 th and 10 th centuries. There are currently over 3700 Oriental coins pre- served in public collections in Estonia. Most of these are in the collections of the Institute of His- tory at the Tallinn University. Arabic coins can nevertheless also be viewed at the Estonian His- tory Museum and the Saaremaa Museum and a few are available at other local history museums, too. As Arkadi Molvõgin has already examined in depth how such Estonian museums and collec- tions evolved (Molvõgin 1994a, 5–21; Leimus & Molvõgin 2001, 1–7), there is no need to discuss this topic at length here. Research into the Kufic coins in Estonia dates back to the first half of the 19 th century when August Heinrich Hansen, secondary school teacher from Tartu, and Christian M. Fraehn, academician from St. Petersburg, published information about the first dirhams discovered in the vicinity of Tartu (Hansen 1838; 1840; 1843; 1847; 1848; Fraehn 1832; 1848). That information was then included in the first overview publications that were compiled in Russia by V. V. Grigoryev and P. S. Savelyev (Grig- oryev 1844; Savelyev 1846). In the next few years local scientific periodicals (Sb GEG) also published several announcements about Arabic coin finds. As there were no Arabic coin experts available in the region, most of the Oriental coins found in Estonia were sent abroad for a�ribution — by Woldemar von Tiesenhausen or Alexey Markov in St. Peters- burg or Hermann Nützel in Berlin. But Johann Christoph Wilhelm Volck, Professor of Theology at the University of Tartu, was involved in the ex- pert a�ribution work as well. The first serious summaries about Arabic coin finds in the Russian Empire were created by Hermann Frank, originally from Strasbourg and member of the Pärnu Antiquity Research Society, and Arkadi Markov, expert on Oriental coins working at the Hermitage, only in the early 20 th century, in 1908 and 1910 accordingly (Frank 1908; Markov 1910). Yet Markov’s work contains data only up to the year 1899 (Fasmer 1933, 475). Hermann Frank was not a professional numismatist — he was a diplo- mat who had studied Oriental languages (Kriiska 1997, 24). We should nevertheless abstain from treating his definitions and research data with an air of superiority because he was a true expert who mastered the relevant language. Still, a certain de- gree of caution must be maintained. On the other hand, those writings have so far remained the most recent overviews of the Oriental coins found in Estonia (and Russia). This is despite the fact that during the two world wars quite a few Estonian ex- perts and their colleagues from St. Petersburg pub- lished works dedicated to the Arabic coins found in Estonia, for instance the Learned Estonian Soci- ety’s curator Eduard Frey, the Provincial Museum of Estonia’s curator Artur Leopold Spreckelsen, the University of Tartu’s Professor of Folklore Studies Walter Anderson and world-renowned Ri- chard Vasmer from the State Hermitage in what was then Leningrad (Frey 1921; Friedenthal 1932a; 1932b; Anderson 1926; 1938; Vasmer 1927b; 1927c; 1936). Special mention should be given to the last two authors — their respective works to this day constitute groundbreaking contributions to Islam- ic numismatics. A�er the Second World War there was noticeably less activity in the sphere of publications on Kufic coins in Estonia because during the whole Soviet period there were no local experts in this field. Almost all of the Arabic coins discovered were at- tributed by Alexey Bykov and Igor Dobrovolsky, specialists from the Numismatics Department at
8 the Hermitage, and they also partially published the corresponding information (Bykov 1961; 1980; Dobrovolski, Molvõgin, Potin 1982; Dobrovolski, Molvõgin 1985; 1986). The Arabic coin identifi- cations based on their work (the coins from the hoards containing Western European coins) were most recently published in a summarised manner by Arkadi Molvõgin (Molvõgin 1994a). The latest thorough overview — based on the sources pub- lished so far — of the Estonian and Latvian Arabic coin finds was offered by a scientist from America, Thomas Noonan (Noonan 1977–1978). The same man, relying on the a�ributions provided by other scientists, also published information about two Kufic coin hoards found in Estonia (Noonan 1977, 1983). To sum up the research conducted up to the present time, we can say that the predominant ma- jority of the Arabic coins discovered in Estonia has not yet been covered in publications or has been mentioned in very specialised publications that are o�en difficult to obtain. That is why all gen- eralising topographies and treatises regarding the Arabic coin finds are now outdated or based on incorrect data and are either insignificant or even misleading (Friedenthal 1936; Tõnisson 1962; Potin 1967; Selirand 1978). The work of Thomas Noonan (Noonan 1977–1978) exhibits these shortcomings, too.
Therefore, in the course of processing of the coin finds in Estonia dating back to the Viking period, it became essential to compile as complete a data- base of the Oriental coins — both those discovered in Estonia and those preserved in public collec- tions here — as possible. Due to the aforemen- tioned reasons the structure of this publication dif- fers somewhat from a classical sylloge where the a�ention focus is first and foremost on the coin an
as possible of every hoard containing Arabic coins that has been found in Estonia on the one hand and on the other hand to present the material so as to ensure that it can be conveniently used as the basis for researching any concrete coin and coin type. To facilitate this, the publication is divided into two main parts. The first part depicts the finds. A note to our for- eign readers — due to certain peculiarities of Es- tonian history, mainly German-language place names were in use here until 1917–1918 and, as a rule, they were reproduced in a distorted manner in the Russian-language transaction of affairs. That is why, although every findspot is denoted first of all by the modern Estonian-language place name, the older findspots also have the German-lan- guage toponyms in brackets, as used in the earlier relevant sources. The administrative division of Estonia has undergone many continuous changes and therefore, when delimiting the corresponding findspot, I preferred the 19 th century division into parishes traditionally used in Estonian historical writings — it no longer exists and it cannot be thus altered. The hoard descriptions are arranged by the date ascribed to their most recent coin (termi- nus post quem). If a particular hoard contains both Eastern and Western coins, the tpq for each coin group is presented separately. The Arabic coins of every find are arranged by dynasties in accordance with the system developed by Steven Album (Al- bum 1998). Within the framework of one dynasty, the chronological arrangement is applied based on the ruling caliph, emir, etc. I did my best to ensure consistency and arrange the coins chronologically for each individual ruler in accordance with the chronology used in Islam (Hijri Calendar). If sev- eral coins made during the same year but in differ- ent mints exist in the hoard, they are arranged al- phabetically. The coins with identical minting data are presented summarily. Such manner of presen- tation deviates to some extent from the custom- ary principle applied to publications about Arabic coins, that of presenting coins of one ruler by their mints and only inside each mint group — by their minting year. I am nevertheless of the opinion that the chronologically structured manner of pres- entation allows for a be�er overview of a certain find in its time frame context. The numbers of the coins illustrated in the Sylloge part of the book are shown in bold. As it has already been remarked, some of the hoards were mentioned in publications at the time of their discovery but those publications are, regre�ably, now partially outdated. Most corrections were re- quired for the definitions of Samanid imitations that in most cases originated from Volga Bulgaria, as established in the die studies conducted by Gert Rispling. It was unfortunately impossible to check the corresponding items from the hoards that re- main in private ownership or had gone missing in the interim years, which is why in the correspond- ing cases I was usually forced to confine the pres- entation to the old general definition. All the other coins in the hoards — the Byzantine miliaresia, the Western European deniers and so on — were already covered by A. Molvõgin and are thus included here only summarily. 9 Doubtful find announcements and individual finds that cannot be ascertained as separate hoards are arranged by their discovery time. The second part is a conventional sylloge. All Ara- bic coins from public collections in Estonia are list- ed one by one and with photos. Individual finds are not identified in the coin arrangement. Unlike in the first part, here it was more expedient to ad- here to the conventional manner of presentation where coins of one ruler are systematised alpha- betically by mints and only inside each mint group — by their minting year. In addition to the minting data (dynasty, ruler, caliph, mint, year), each coin’s weight is indicated along with the front and rear die axes and some external a�ributes — bendings, pecks. I added the find place name to link the two parts of this work. As for source references, the most extensive and thorough overviews and cat- alogues of the Arabic coins regre�ably appeared more than a century ago. As the last hundred years served to substantially expand the numismatic materials currently at our disposal, it was deemed pointless to refer to those old writings. Only two studies constitute an exception here. The first one was wri�en by the late Nicholas Lowick and, un- fortunately, not published although designated for publishing. It describes the ‛Abbasid dynasty coins minted in 750–833 (Lowick) and is frequently re- ferred to throughout the sylloge. The second study is a new one, Luke Treadwell’s standard work on the Buyid coinage (Treadwell 2001). Naturally, there are also references to writings tackling some of the individual coins or coin types represented here. In instances of Samanid imitations from Vol- ga Bulgaria I refer to the handwri�en card index compiled by Gert Rispling and situated in Stock- holm. If a particular coin in the sylloge was already included in a previous publication, the correspond- ing reference is available, too. The data for each coin is concluded by its inventory number in the collection. When viewing information about the most rare and important coins, the reader will also see descriptions of their obverse and reverse and I also list special a�ributes of otherwise usual coins (mint marks, additional lines). The Kufic script is transcribed in the modern Arabic alphabet. The coin captions are printed so that the Arabic script does run in its conventional manner, from right to le�, but the lines interchange from le� to right, as customary for the Latin alphabet usage. The com- pulsory Kufic coin kalima instances are related in accordance with the system developed for a Viking period coin anthology (CNS) in Sweden. I did not mark the most widespread kalima variants because all coins are illustrated anyway. This project, financed by the Estonian Science Foundation, was carried out in 2004–2006. In the course of the work, the previous coin definitions were checked and corrected whenever necessary. I have received invaluable assistance from two of the best European experts on Kufic numismat- ics — Lutz Ilisch conducting Islamic numismatic research at the Oriental Seminar of the Tübingen University and Gert Rispling from the Swedish Royal Coin Cabinet. I was also greatly helped in my work by my colleagues from the Numismat- ics Department at the Hermitage in St. Petersburg (Vitaly Kalinin and Tatyana Slepova), the Finnish National Museum’s Coin Cabinet (Tuukka Talvio), the Latvian History Museum (Kristina Ducmane), the Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation (Tatjana Berga and Māra Eihe), the Institute of His- tory at the Tallinn University and local history mu- seums from all over Estonia — Kuressaare, Paide, Pärnu, Rakvere, Tallinn, Tartu, Valga, Viljandi and Võru. I would like to thank them all, especially Mauri Kiudsoo from the Institute of History, sin- cerely and from the bo�om of my heart. And last but not least: this book could never have been published without the generous finan- cial support of the Gunnar Ekström Foundation, Stockholm. Download 116.68 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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