Til aspektlari

TIL ASPEKTLARI

1. 
   General overview to stylistics
   

Stylistics, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts of all types and/or spoken language in regard to their linguistic and tonal style, where style is the particular variety of language used by different individuals and/or in different situations or settings. For example, the vernacular, or everyday language may be used among casual friends, whereas more formal language, with respect to grammar, pronunciation or accent, and lexicon or choice of words, is often used in a cover letter and résumé and while speaking during a job interview.

As a discipline, stylistics links literary criticism to linguistics. It does not function as an autonomous domain on its own, and it can be applied to an understanding of literature and journalism as well as linguistics.[1][2][3] Sources of study in stylistics may range from canonical works of writing to popular texts, and from advertising copy to news,[4] non-fiction, and popular culture, as well as to political and religious discourse.[5] Indeed, as recent work in critical stylistics,[6] multimodal stylistics[7] and mediated stylistics[8] has made clear, non-literary texts may be of just as much interest to stylisticians as literary ones. Literariness, in other words, is here conceived as 'a point on a cline rather than as an absolute'.[9][10]

Stylistics as a conceptual discipline may attempt to establish principles capable of explaining particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as in the literary production and reception of genre, the study of folk art, in the study of spoken dialects and registers, and can be applied to areas such as discourse analysis as well as literary criticism.

Plain language has different features. Common stylistic features are using dialogue, regional accents and individual idioms (or idiolects). Stylistically, also sentence length prevalence and language register use.

2. 
   the development of the english literary language
   

3. Up till now we have done little more than mention the literary (standard) language, which is one of the most important notions in stylistics and general linguistics. It is now necessary to elucidate this linguistic notion by going a little deeper into what constitutes the concept and to trace the stages in the development of the English standard language. This is necessary in order to avoid occasional confusion of terms differently used in works on the history, literature and style of the English language.

   
   
4. 
   Confusion between the terms "literary language" and "language of
   literature" is frequently to be met.
   
5. 
   Literary language is a historical category. It exists as a variety of the national language.
   
6. 
   “It must be remembered,” said A. M. Gorki, "that language is the creation of the people. The division of the language into literary and vernacular only means that there are, as it were, a rough unpolished tongue and one wrought by men-of-letters."¹
   
7. 
   The literary language is that elaborated form (variety) of the national language which obeys definite morphological, phonetic, syntactical, lexical, phraseological and stylistic norms² recognized as standard and therefore acceptable in all kinds and types of discourse. It allows modifications but within the frame work of the system of established norms. It casts out some of the forms of language which are considered to be beyond the established norm. The norm of usage is established by the language community at every given period in the development of the language. It is ever changing and therefore not infrequently evasive. At every period the norm is in a state of fluctuation and it requires a very sensitive and efficient eye and ear to detect and specify these fluctuations. Sometimes we may even say that two norms co-exist. But in this case we may be positive that one of the co-existing forms of the language will give way to its rival and either vanish from the language entirely or else remain on its outskirts.
   

3. stylistic classification of the English vocabulary
eneral considerations The word-stock of a language can be represented as a system in which different aspects of words are singled out as interdependent. Inaccordance with the division of language into literary and colloquial, we may represent the whole of the word stock of the English language as being divided into three main layers: - the literary layer (super-neutral words) - the neutral layer - the colloquial layer (sub-neutral words) General considerations The literary and colloquial layers contain a number of sub-groups. Each of these groups has an aspect it shares with all the subgroups within the layer. The common property of the literary layer is its markedly bookish character, which makes the layer more or less stable. The common property of the colloquial layer of words is its lively spoken character, which makes it unstable, fleeting. The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character, which means that words belonging to this layer are not restricted in use and can be employed in all styles and all spheres of human communication, which makes this layer the most stable of all.

4. literary layer

The literary layer (super-neutral words) consists of the following groups of words: 1. Common literary (The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary. Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech.) 2. Terms 3. Bookish and Poetic words 4. Archaic words 5. Barbarisms and Foreign words 6. Neologism

5. Colloquial layer

The colloquial layer (sub-neutral words) Among the sub-neutral words the following groups are distinguished: 1. Words used in informal speech only - the colloquial words 2. Jargon words and slang, as well as individual creations (nonce-words) 3. Vulgar words
7.Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices
Phonetics as a branch of linguistics investigates acoustic & articulatory properties of speech sounds and informs us of various types of pronunciation of the same word or sentence.
Stylistic phonetics tells us which variant suits the given type of speech. The stylistic approach to the utterance is not confined to its structure and sense; there is another thing to be taken into account which plays an important role. This is the way a word, a phrase or a sentence sounds. The sound taken separately will have little or no aesthetic value. It is in combination with other words that a word may acquire a desired phonetic effect.