Extending Irrational Numbers
Euclid proved in the tenth
book of his Elements that
is an irrational number. He used an indirect proof.
That is, he assumed that
was rational. Then he showed that this assumption led to a contradiction.
Assume that
is a rational number. Then
,
where a and b are integers, b ≠ 0.
Also, assume that a and b are relatively prime. That is, they have no common integral
factor other than 1.
If
then
(Square both sides.)
and
Since
is an even number,
is even. Since
is even, a is even. Therefore, for
some
integer c
(Square both sides.)
(Recall that
.)
Since
is an even number,
is even. Since
is even, b is even. However, two
even numbers cannot
be relatively prime, so a and b are not relatively prime. This
contradicts the original assumption, so it is not true that
is rational. Thus, is
irrational.
Your Turn:
Use an indirect
proof to show that
is irrational.
Adapted from: Hall, Bettye C., and Mona Fabricant.
Algebra 2 with Trigonometry. Englewood:
Prentice
Hall-Simon & Schuster, 1993. p.360. Print.
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