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SL11 Page 1 of 27 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE DEPARTMENT OF SLAVONIC STUDIES PAPER SL11: RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION 1861-1917 HANDBOOK An Imperial Russia Pop Art, by minutewaltz1847, www.deviantart.com Dr Claire Knight cajk2@cam.ac.uk
SL11 Page 2 of 27 INTRODUCTION
OURSE A IMS The course is designed to provide you with a thorough grounding in and advanced understanding of Russia’s social, political and economic history in the Late Imperial period and to prepare you for the exam, all the while fostering in you deep interest in Russian history.
B EFORE THE C OURSE B EGINS Familiarise yourself with the general progression of Late Imperial Russian history by reading through one or more of the following (focus on 1861-1917 for texts that span a greater period):
Hobsbawm, E. J. The Age of Empire 1875-1914 (1988) Moss, Walter A History of Russia Vol 1 or 2 (both cover 1855-1917) (2003) Waldron, Peter The End of Imperial Russia, 1855-1917 (1997) Weeks, Theodore Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945 (2011) Westwood, J. Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812-1992 (4th ed., 1993)
Briefing meeting: There’ll be a meeting on the Wednesday before the first teaching day of Michaelmas. Check with the departmental secretary for time and venue. It’s essential that you attend and bring this handbook with you.
The course comprises four elements: lectures, seminars, supervisions and reading.
lectures provide an introduction to and overview of the course, but no more. It’s important to understand that the lectures alone won’t enable you to cover the course, nor will they by themselves prepare you for the exam. They’re not a substitute for reading, only a supplement to reading.
Easter.
Reading: to study history is, primarily, to read, so reading is the most important aspect of the course. You must understand from the outset that this is primarily a reading course and that, above all, you’ll need to commit to reading extensively and consistently. That’s why the bulk of the handbook is devoted to providing you with detailed guidance on reading.
USING THE HANDBOOK The handbook is divided into four sections: Section 1 the exam Section 2 lectures & seminars Section 3 supervisions Section 4 reading Check each section carefully so you understand the course structure and timetable and exactly what’s expected of you. SL11 Page 3 of 27 SECTION 1: THE EXAM
DESCRIPTION The exam paper is divided into three sections and you answer one question from each section. All questions have equal weight.
one on each source.
sometimes be one or two questions of a general nature covering the whole period of the paper.
Section C has at least six questions. Most cover the period c.1904 to 1917 but, as in section B, there’ll sometimes be one or two questions of a general nature covering the whole period of the paper.
PREPARING FOR THE EXAM
want to concentrate on in the knowledge that it will always come up on the paper. You should study the sources (provided in hard copy) as part of your specialist reading (section 4.2) and we’ll look at them in detail in supervisions (section 3) and in the Easter term seminars (section 2).
you’ll be asked to respond to problems and issues within periods, not simply to periods. You should note that there’s no guarantee that a particular problem or issue will always come up in sections B&C, or that problems or issues won’t be conflated. This means that you can’t ‘topic spot’ by focussing your work on a narrow aspect of the course – mugging up a couple of problems or issues and hoping they’ll see you through, for instance. You’ll have to do the whole course in order to be prepared for the exam. On the other hand you won’t be asked to respond to anything outside the course aims.
You should look at some past papers to get a feel for the style of questions. SL11 Page 4 of 27 SECTION 2: LECTURES & SEMINARS
Unless otherwise indicated all lectures are on Tuesdays at 13.00 and last for one hour. Check with the departmental secretary for venues. MICHAELMAS 1 Introduction to the course Reforming the system c.1860-70 2 Revolution from above I: The end of serfdom 3 Revolution from above II: Controlling society
4 Revolution from above III: Industrialization 5 Reaction in modernization: Aleksandr III and Nikolai II
6 Old wine into new bottles: крестьянство and дворянство 7 The fractured class: Workers 8 The missing class: The bourgeoisie LENT Modernization and revolution c.1870-1904 9 Heroic society: народничество and terror 10 Claiming the future: Marxism and socialism 11 Autocracy as anachronism?: Economic and political crisis The Duma Monarchy and its problems c.1905-14 12
1905-6: Bourgeois revolution? 13
1907-14: Stolypin’s gamble Russia in Revolution c.1914-17 14
Russia and world war: 1914-16 15
On the eve of Revolution?: 1914-16 16
Petrograd and the end of autocracy: February 1917
17
Seminar: Выставка русской промышленности 1896 г. and С. Ю. Витте, О положении русской промышленности. 18
Seminar: Программа исполнительного комитета партии «Народной воли» and Письмо исполнительного комитета партии «Народной воли» к Александру III. 19
Seminar: Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка (Манифест 17 Октября 1905 г.) and С. Ю. Витте, Письмо о Манифесте 17 Октября 1905 г. 20
Seminar: Доклад начальника Петербургского охранного отделения Министру Внутренних Дел о ходе массовой забастовки в Петербурге в июле 1914 г.
SL11 Page 5 of 27 SECTION 3: SUPERVISIONS
MICHAELMAS 1 Essay supervision Choose a question from topics I-III of the Michaelmas list. Preparation: you can do any question you like from within a topic but make sure your supervision partners do the same topic as you. Aim at five to six sides of typed A4; research using the general and topic-related reading in the reading lists; cite quotations by footnoting; end with a full bibliography. You must give me your essays at the lecture prior to your supervision. Please note that I won’t be able to read or mark late work.
Choose a question from topics I-III of the Michaelmas list (apart from the topic you’ve covered in 1). Preparation: as for 1.
Choose a question from topics I-III of the Michaelmas list (apart from the topics you’ve covered in 1 & 2). Preparation: as for 1.
Choose a question from topic IV of the Michaelmas list. Preparation: as for 1.
Choose a question from topics V-VII of the Lent list. Preparation: as for 1. 6 Essay supervision Choose a question from topics V-VII of the Lent list (apart from the topic you’ve covered in 5). Preparation: as for 1.
Choose a question from topics V-VII of the Lent list (apart from the topics you’ve covered in 5 & 6). Preparation: as for 1.
Choose a question from topic VIII of the Lent list. Preparation: as for 1.
Choose a question from topic IX of the Easter list. Preparation: as for 1. 10 Essay supervision Choose a question from any list or from a past paper and write an essay under exam conditions.
SL11 Page 6 of 27 MICHAELMAS LIST _______________________________________________________________________ Topic I – Reforming the System, 1861-1904 1 ‘After 1861 classes began to replace сословия, but the social system remained unchanged.’ Discuss.
2 ‘Class relations were fracturing the “peasant mode of production” in post- emancipation Russia.’ Discuss.
3
realities of Russia in the period 1861-1904.’ Discuss.
4 ‘Post-emancipation Russia was feudal.’ Discuss. _______________________________________________________________________ Topic II – Modernization & the State, 1861-1894
5 ‘The reforms which followed the emancipation of the serfs were ill-conceived and, by 1904, fatal to the autocracy.’ Discuss.
6
Discuss with reference to the period 1864-1881.
7 ‘By eschewing change Aleksandr III guaranteed stability.’ Discuss.
8 ‘Aleksandr III turned Russia into a “well-ordered police state”.’ Discuss. _______________________________________________________________________ Topic III – Modernization & Society, 1861-1904
9 ‘Between 1861 and 1904 Russian imperialism was driven forward by international capitalism.’ Discuss.
10
‘The state needed the peasantry but the peasantry did not need the state.’ Discuss with reference to the period 1861-1904.
11
‘A bourgeois-democratic polity failed to develop in late nineteenth-century Russia because of the timidity of the bourgeoisie.’ Discuss.
12
Assess the significance of ANY TWO of the following: (a) G. V. Plekhanov; (b) M. T. Loris-Melikov; (c) V. K. von Plehve; (d) K. P. Pobedonostev.
_______________________________________________________________________ Topic IV – Primary Sources I & II
13 Discuss the usefulness to historians of ONE of the following sources: (a) Программа исполнительного комитета партии «Народной воли» and Письмо исполнительного комитета партии «Народной воли» к Александру III. (b) Выставка русской промышленности 1896 г. and С. Ю. Витте, О положении русской промышленности. SL11 Page 7 of 27 LENT LIST _______________________________________________________________________ Topic V – Modernization & Revolution, 1861-1904
14 ‘Russian social democracy was predicated on a misunderstanding of the country’s socio-economic structures.’ Discuss with reference to the period up to 1914.
15
‘There is little evidence of a “developing revolutionary situation” in the Russian Empire in the decade before 1904.’ Discuss.
16
‘By 1904 urbanization was the main threat to the autocracy.’ Discuss.
17 ‘War is the locomotive of history.’ Discuss this aphorism with reference to Russia in the period 1861-1905. _______________________________________________________________________
18 Account for the Revolution of 1905.
19 Consider the view that the major problem confronting the Duma Monarchy was the failure of Russian capitalism.
20
Assess the significance of the career of P. A. Stolypin.
21 ‘The state’s economic policies served only to produce a disgruntled peasantry and a revolutionary working class.’ Discuss with reference to the period 1905 to 1914. _______________________________________________________________________
22 ‘An exercise in futility.’ Discuss this assessment of the political history of the Duma Monarchy.
23
‘War is the supreme test of every social and political system.’ Discuss with reference to the period 1904 to October 1917.
24
‘The wires of democracy cannot stand too high a voltage’ (Trotskii). Consider the period October 1905 to February 1917 in the light of this statement.
25
‘The Russian state lacked popular legitimacy; as a consequence it was unable to rule effectively.’ Discuss with reference to the period 1905 to February 1917.
_______________________________________________________________________ Topic VIII – Primary Sources III & IV
26 Discuss the usefulness to historians of ONE of the following sources: (a) Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка (Манифест 17 Октября 1905 г.) and С. Ю. Витте, Письмо о Манифесте 17 Октября 1905 г. (b) Доклад начальника Петербургского охранного отделения Министру Внутренних Дел о ходе массовой забастовки в Петербурге в июле 1914 г. SL11 Page 8 of 27 EASTER LIST _______________________________________________________________________ Topic IX – Russia in Revolution, 1914-Feb. 1917
27 ‘By late 1916 the tsarist regime appeared to have overcome the crises engendered by war.’ Discuss.
28
‘Nikolai II was responsible for the February Revolution.’ Discuss.
29 Compare and contrast the revolutions of 1905 and February 1917.
30 ‘The Romanov autocracy collapsed because of failure in war.’ Discuss.
_______________________________________________________________________ Topic X
31 Choose a revision question
_______________________________________________________________________ SL11 Page 9 of 27 SECTION 4: READING
LOCATIONS
our library and very few will be in your college libraries, so you must get used to using the Seeley Library (in the History Faculty next to the Law building) and Marshall Library (in the Economics Faculty beside the Buttery) as well as the UL. Note that early volumes of Slavic Review may be catalogued as American Slavic Review.
http://www.jstor.org/ ) is an excellent site for journal articles. For a wonderful site on Marxism, Russian revolutionaries and a host of revolutionary and radical figures in general see ( http://www.marxists.org/ ). If you come across other good sites let me know. Avoid popular sites like Wikipedia – they are full of inaccurate rubbish.
ORGANIZATION OF THE READING LIST
can’t possible read them all, nor are you expected to. They are for you to consult as necessary throughout the course. An invaluable work, which you should get to know and will often find useful on a given topic before you read anything else, is Wieczynski, J. L., ed., The Modern Encyclopaedia of Russian and Soviet History (multi-volume 1976 onwards). It’s commonly known as MERSH and is on reference in our library. Also useful and in the MML library: Gilbert, M.
reading until you’ve consulted a few general works. Again, you’re not expected to read everything. The lists are to guide you to a range of texts when you need to deepen your knowledge of a particular topic.
SL11 Page 10 of 27 4.1 GENERAL WORKS
Eklof, Ben, et al.
Florinsky, M. Russia: A History and Interpretation (2 vols., 1970). Kappeler, A. The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History (2001). Lieven, Dominic The Cambridge History of Russia (2006) available online
Moss, Walter A History of Russia Vol 1 OR 2 (both cover 1855-1917) (2003) Pipes, R. Russia under the Old Regime (1974). Riasanovsky, N. V. A History of Russia (4th ed., 1984). Rogger, H. Russia in the Age of Modernization and Revolution 1881-1917 (1983). Saunders, D. Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform 1801-1881 (1992). Seton-Watson, H. The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (1967). Thaden, E. C. Russia Since 1801: The Making of a New Society (1971). Vernadsky, G. A History of Russia (5 vols., 1943-69). Waldron, Peter The End of Imperial Russia, 1855-1917 (1997) Weeks, Theodore Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945 (2011)
Boltunova, Ekaterina ‘Unity, Disintegration, and Monarchy: Romanov Russia in Recent Scholarship’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 11 (2010), pp. 871–888 Sanders, Thomas Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State (1999)
Carrère d’Encausse, H.
Ferro, M. Nicholas II: The Last of the Tsars (1991). Lieven, D. Nicholas II: Twilight of the Empire (1996).
Acton, E., Cherniaev, V. & Rosenberg, W., eds. Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution 1914-1921 (1997). Ascher, A.
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The Revolution of 1905 (1988). Stockdale, M. K. Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia 1880-1918 (1996). Surh, G. St Petersburg in 1905: Labor, Society and Revolution (1989). Waldron, P. Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (1997).
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