5/3/05
5
Alpha-Ray Spectroscopy
2
2 4
e
2
v
4
N ln
v
I
e
e
m
dE
z e
dx
m
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
!
where z and v are the charge and velocity of the projectile particle, and N
e
and
I are the density of
electrons and average ionization potential in the target material. The derivation is straightforward
and elegant, and you should check it out in the references. The essential conclusions are that the rate
of energy loss is proportional to the local density of electrons and the square of the projectile charge,
and inversely proportional to the projectile energy.
The density of electrons is Z times the density of atoms, which is simply related to the mass density,
thus
e
0
Z
N
N
A
!
=
, where N
0
is Avogadro’s number
The Bohr formula can be rewritten as
2
2 4
0
2
v
4
Z
N ln
v
A
I
e
e
m
dE
z e
dx
m
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
!
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