Urganch ranch texnologiya Universiteti Iqtisodiyot va ishlab chiqarishni tashkil qilish fakulteti

Urganch RANCH texnologiya Universiteti

Iqtisodiyot va ishlab chiqarishni tashkil qilish fakulteti
1-kurs IQS guruhi talabasi Atajanov Jasurbekning
Сhet tili fanidan
Mustaqil ishi
Theme: A Look at the economy of Medieval.

The economy of Medieval Europe was based primarily on farming, but as time went by trade and industry became more important, towns grew in number and size, and merchants became more important.
Like all pre-industrial societies, medieval Europe had a predominantly agricultural economy. The basic economic unit was the manor, managed by its lord and his officials. This was, in the early Middle Ages especially, a largely self-sufficient farming estate, with its peasant inhabitants growing their own crops, keeping their own cattle, making their own bread, cheese, beer or wine, and as far as possible making and repairing their own equipment, clothes, cottages, furniture and all the necessities of life.
Surplus produce was sold at the nearest market town, where equipment which could not be made or maintained in the manor workshops, or luxuries unavailable locally, could be purchased. Here craftsmen and shopkeepers such as cobblers, tailors, costermongers, tinkers, smiths and others plied their trades.
Most industry in medieval Europe was carried out on a very small scale and was closely related to farming, either processing its produce or servicing its needs. Much of this was carried out within rural villages rather than in towns. Brewing, milling, baking bread, cheese-making, spinning, weaving, making clothes, tanning leather and making shoes, belts, woodworking, smithing and building and maintaining cottages, barns and other buildings, all were done by the villagers themselves within their own households. Some of this work required skilled specialists, but even these had their own field strips which they worked for much of their time.
Examples of large-scale industrial units were the salt-mines of central Europe, stone quarries in various places, and shipbuilding, especially in the larger ports. At Venice, the Arsenal was a huge complex of shipbuilding and armaments manufacture, employing thousands of workers.
Trade
As in so much else, so for trade: the early medieval period on Europe was a shadow of what had come before under the Roman Empire. In the centuries after the fall of the Roman empire in the west, long-distance trade routes shrank to a shadow of what they had been. The great Roman roads deteriorated over time, making overland transport difficult and expensive. Towns shrank, and came to serve a more local area than in Roman times. Traders and craftsmen mainly serviced the needs of the local rural populations (including local lords).
Trade in luxury goods between different parts of Europe never completely disappeared, and coinage survived the fall of the empire, though was much rarer than before. Most long-distance trade goods from within and beyond Europe, such as in amber, high quality ceramics, textiles, wines, furs, honey, walrus ivory, spices, gold, slaves and elephant ivory, was carried in the small sailing ships of the day. Trade by sea was much cheaper than by land (and would be until the coming of railways in the 19th century). The coasts and rivers of Europe were the main thoroughfares of the time, and the North Sea, and even more, the Mediterranean Sea, were the main thoroughfares for international commerce.