Vector in hindi compound verbs
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Hindi Compound verbs (1)
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VECTOR IN HINDI COMPOUND VERBS Raj Nath Bhat Banaras Hindu University Introduction Compound Verb (CV) refers to a complex verb form comprising a main verb (MV) as a bare stem, and a secondary element that bears tense and agreement morphology. This secondary element has been variously termed as explicator, operator, auxiliary, vector etc. These vectors constitute a small class of typically motion-verbs like go, sit, come, give, take etc. CV is a V(erb) + V(erb) construction, distinct from other complex perdicate constructions like N(oun)+ V(erb) or A(djective)+ V(erb). The latter have been referred to as Conjunct Verbs. CV phenomenon is widespread in the languages across Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages, it is opined that CV is a New Indo-Aryan (NIA) innovation. It was non-existent in the Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) and very rare in Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA). NIA developed it under the influence of Dravidian languages to compensate for the loss of root modifying prefixes, verbal declensions and for other phonological and grammatical changes that had occurred during the course of historical development from O/MIA to NIA (Chatterjee, 1926). Measuring the text frequency of CVs from a select few texts of the 19 th and 20 th century Hindi-Urdu prose, Hook(1993) reports a slow increase in their occurrence from 14% in 1918 to 18% in 1970. Hook suggests that the data at best indicate the authors‟ stylistic preferences and that the development of CV in NIA has nearly a 1500 year old history during which period their occurrences have undergone an increase in frequency form zero to approximately 15%. CV Guru defines CV as the one „where bare stem (krdant) functions as the main verb and the vector (sahkari kriya) informs us about its qualities which are dependent upon its meaning in a sentence, hence, CV should be studied only on the basis of sentence meaning. According to Guru in. 1. IaRkaa baRaa ho gayaa The boy got big/ grew up. ho gayaa is a CV where ho functions as the main verb and gayaa carries the features of tense, number, and gender and does not convey its lexical meaning go in the sentence. The vector jaanaa has been delexicalised or it has been emptied of its semantic features and assigned the grammatical function of indicating tense, aspect, number and gender, a process which Hook (1974:94) refers to as ‘grammaticalisation’ Scholars‟ opinions regarding the number of vector verbs in Hindi vary. Guru identifies eleven vectors, whereas Kachroo(1966) identifies fifteen, Bahl(1967) sixteen, McGregor(1977) thirteen, Hook(1974) twenty four, Nespital(1997) forty seven and so on. However, there is a general agreement among them regarding the commonest vectors in Hindi which are : jaanaa „go‟, lenaa „take‟, denaa „give‟, Daalnaa „pour‟, paRnaa „fall‟, uThnaa „stand‟, baiThnaa „sit‟, and aanaa „come‟. These vectors commonly occur in combination with the following MVs: i) jaanaa : bhuul „forget‟, maan „accept‟ kah „say‟, rah „stay‟, khaa „eat up‟, samajh „comprehend‟, paRh „read‟, aa „come‟, cal „walk‟, baiTh „sit‟, so „sleep‟, uTh „get up‟, cabaa „masticate‟, sukuR „shrink‟, jaag „awaken‟, saR „stink‟, chuuT „miss‟, thak „tire‟, ruk „stop‟, baRh „grow‟ etc. Jaanaa occurs with transitive as well as intransitive verbs and usually indicates that an action has been completed or carried through as a process. Its use also suggests a sense of urgency on the part of the doer (Guru, p.270). 2. raam kal aa gayaa Ram came yesterday 3. vah nashte me caar seb khaa jaataa hai He eats up four apples at breakfast. ii) lenaa : siikh „learn‟, khaa „eat‟, so „sleep‟, baiTh „sit‟, jaa „go‟, ro „weep‟ le „take‟, ho „happen‟, kar „do‟, rakh „keep‟, laR „quarrel‟, pakaR „catch‟, chuRaa „free‟, uThaa „pick up‟, sii „sew‟, mil „meet, jaa „go‟, rok „stop‟, bhaunk „bark‟ etc. lenaa occurs mostly with transitive verbs and its use suggests that the action is of benefit to the doer (ibid) and often carries “an implication that it is carried out with difficulty, cleverly contrived etc.” (McGregor, 1977 : 100). 4. us ne caay pii lii He drank the tea 5. abhinav kitaab paRh letaa hai Abhinav reads the book (somehow). iii) denaa : choR „let go‟, kar „do‟, kara „get done‟, maar „kill‟, saRaa, „ferment‟, toR „break‟, moR „bend‟, ro „weep‟, bulaa „call‟, bhulaa „forget‟ cal „walk‟, thakaa „tire‟ etc. denaa is an antonym of lenaa and suggests that the action does not benefit the doer but may usually indicate an affect on the other. It too occurs mostly with transitive verbs. In combination with intransitive verbs it suggests a sense of suddenness. 6. shyaam ne use maar diya. Shyam killed him/her. 7. us ne kitaab kho dii S/he lost the book 8. us kii mrtyu kii khabar sun kar raam ro diyaa Upon hearing the news of his/her death, Ram cried. iv) Daalna : maar „kill‟, bec „sell‟, sii „sew‟, moR „bend‟, toR „break‟, khaa „eat‟ etc. Daalnaa occurs with transitive verbs and indicates that the given action is drastic, violent. 9. us ne jiiwan ko maar Daalaa S/he killed Jiwan 10. ham ne sab pashu bec Daale We sold all the animals. v) paRnaa : cal „move/walk‟, ro „cry‟, gir „fall‟, nikal „come/move out‟, ha~s „smile‟, chaunk „wonder‟, kuud „jump‟ etc. 11. shiilaa (acaanak) ha~s paRii Sheela laughed (suddenly). 12. wah paanii me~ kuud paRaa He jumped into the water vi) uThnaa : guu~j „echo‟, chaunk „wonder‟, ciikh „shriek‟, kah „say‟, cillaa „shout‟, kaamp „tremble‟, jal „burn‟ etc. uThnaa too indicates suddenness and it occurs with the verbs like bol „say‟ etc. 13. raam ro uThaa Ram began to sob 14. vah bol uThii She began to say…./blurted out….. vii) baiThnaa : laR „quarrel‟, kho „lose‟, kar „do‟, kah „say‟, banaa „make‟, ban „become‟ etc. baiThnaa suggests that the action performed is bad in taste, it has been done thoughtlessly or fooolishly. 15. vah use saarii baat kah baiThaa He conveyed everything to him/her. 16. ve aapas me~ laR baiThe They quarrelled with each other viii) aanaa : ug „grow‟, nikal „come out‟, utar „descend‟ etc. aanaa too gives a sense of suddenness to the action. 17. yahaa~ par saa~p nikal aayaa A snake emerged here 18. is banjar me~ peR ug aaye hai~ Tress have grown in this barren land. In the above instances the MV occurs as a bare stem, the vector has undergone „grammaticalisation‟ and the MV invariably precedes the vector. A reverse order i.e. vector + MV in a CV is also available in several cases. 19a. vah us ke dushman se mil gayaa 19b. vah us ke dushman se jaa milaa He went over to his/her enemy 20a. yah nadii vahaa~ par nikal jaatii hai 20b. jaa nikaltii hai This stream emerges there. Bahl(1964) opines that the phenomenon of reversal can be related to the unreversed CV by what he calls „reordering‟. Hook (1974) argues that all the reversed CVs do not relate to the u nreversed CV, some of the reversed CVs are usually “a sequence of conjoined main verbs derived through the application of kar- deletion”. 21a. vah us ke dushman se mil gayaa 21b. vah us ke dushman se jaa kar milaa He went over to his enemy/He went over to join his enemy 22a. yah nadii vahaa~ par nikal jaatii hai 22b. yah nadii vahaa~ par jaa kar nikalti hai This river emerges over there/ having gone emerges there However, not all reversed sequences conform to the kar-deletion, e.g. chaan maar „search‟ > maar chaan uR cal „fly away‟ > cal uR would not allow kar insertion. Hook (1974: 62) proposes that “the reversed CVs express actions which involve actual physical (as opposed to psychic or metaphoric) movement”. 23a. us ne gilaas divaar me~ de maara 23b. maar diyaa He stuck the glass against the wall It may be noted that 23a where the CV is in the reversed order, is more commonly used than 23b where the CV is in the unreversed order. And the magnitude or intensity of anger, violence and suddenness expressed in 23a is lacking in 23b. This is an indication of the pragmatic implications of reordering the MV+ vector. Hindi syntax allows substitution of an CV with a simple verb, as follows : aa gayaa > aayaa „Came‟ khaa jaataa > khaataa „eats‟ paRh letaa > paRhtaa Download 77.21 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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