Wastewater
Injury prevention and safety Environmental systems Wastewater systems, assessments, and surveys Waste handling in emergencies Clean up Sampling Resource information
Learning Objectives By the end of this module participants will Increase understanding of wastewater issues faced in disasters Increase understanding of the role of environmental health practitioners in addressing wastewater issues Be able to identify key response partners Increase understanding of the basic components of systems Practice and demonstrate basic skills related to wastewater issues -Common tests, sampling, treatment, assessment Identify key messages for the public and response partners
Environmental Health Functions Ensure proper wastewater disposal and treatment is provided Prevent diseases caused by improper handling of wastewater Prevent contamination of water supplies Provide information on wastewater treatment and handling Conduct interventions needed to protect the public from wastewater in food service and other industries
Reasons for Concern Aging water and wastewater infrastructure Population growth Frequency of natural disasters Raw sewage releases
Impact on Wastewater Systems Physical damage - Treatment plants
- Collection pipes
- Onsite systems; septic tanks
Loss-of-power effects Workforce affected
Emergency management agency State and local departments Public works and wastewater utilities Volunteer and community organizations Portable sanitation industry Septage and sewage haulers Emergency Support Functions (ESF) Industry Media
Roles Assessment Consultation Monitoring environment Public information Preparing Planning Leadership Support activities Liaison activities
Three Keys of EH Response
Disaster Recovery: Wastewater
Priority Activities Determine whether services have been affected Coordinate emergency waste disposal for key facilities Assist system operators if requested Assess sanitation of disposal units and sites Ensure emergency water supplies are safe Provide information on proper waste collection and disposal
Why Wastewater Exposure to wastewater can cause numerous illnesses
Disease Transmission
Citizens’ Priorities Family/safety/security Shelter Power Drinking water Food Ice
Injury Prevention/Safety
Safety Is Job #1 Personal Safety Electrocution Carbon monoxide Musculoskeletal hazards Thermal stress Structural instability Hazardous materials Confrontations Fire Drowning, mechanical Personal protective equipment: use it! Driving, animals, insects, slips/falls Stress, fatigue
Emergency Wastewater
Improvised Wastewater Systems
Emergency Waste Collection
Florida Sanitary Package (SanPac)
Special Needs Shelter: Type III SanPac SanPac= 4 portable toilets, 2 handicap-accessible toilets, 1 hand wash sink, 1 dumpster Remember to order with service
Standard SanPac
Super SanPac: Order form
Customized SanPac Toilet grid for residences One portable toilet for every two residences One hand wash sink for every five portable toilets (hand sanitizer at each portable toilet) Order service plan
Field Toilets
Options: Options: Use campers/motor homes with restroom and holding tank Create a homemade port-a-john: - Use 5-gallon buckets lined with heavy-duty plastic garbage bags
- Add deodorizer such as lime, household bleach or kitty litter
- Keep buckets in a cool, dark place, tight lid
- Do not throw human waste in regular trash
- Dispose of waste by flushing down the toilet when services are restored or bury
- Clean and disinfect buckets
Modify existing toilet: - Flush until the bowl has no water
- Line with heavy-duty trash bags and disinfect with chlorine bleach after each use
- When full, tie shut and remove to an outside location
Exercise A Gymnasium is to be used as a shelter for 1000 people. After review of the floor plan. Determine the number of additional portable toilets and hand washing stations that would be needed for the facility.
Public Sewer Systems
Drinking Water Supplies and Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment Process
Wastewater Collection System
Sewage Lift Station
Collection System Damages
Collection System Damages
Treatment System Damages
Emergency Generators
Emergency Response and Preparedness Water and Wastewater Agency Response Networks (WARN) Additional WARN Resources: AWWA WaterWeek Article AWWA Mainstream Article Journal AWWA Article WARN White Paper Simple Mutual Aid Agreement Update to Sample Agreement - 09/07 Joint Policy Statement EPA EMAC Tip Sheet for Water Sector EPA Water Sector Mutual Aid & Assistance Fact Sheet WARN FAQ WARN Status and Contacts by State
Public Wastewater System Issues Engineered safety factors compromised Flooded lift station overloaded the down line station Residents not minimizing water usage Private well unpredictable flows Shortage of replacement power poles
Public Wastewater System Issues Inadequate generator capacity Lift station without proper wiring connections Inadequate lift station identification Lack of septage pumping trucks Aging infrastructure for wastewater facilities
Lessons Learned by Public Wastewater Utilities Smart utilities: join WARN Provide adequate number of high capacity generators for lift stations Purchased extra mobile generators and sewage pumping equipment Establish contracts with private septage pumping companies Establish local utility agreements
Lessons Learned (continued) Knowledge of community wastewater operations Listing of WWTPs Current utility listing, maps List of RV parks with sewage dump stations Printed list of septage and portable toilet companies Emergency plans and contact information List of key contacts
Assessment Process
Rapid Damage Assessment
Water and wastewater facility report
Exercise You are the environmental health officer assigned to a host community shelter with 5000 residents. A water main has broken affecting water supply to the building. It will 24-48 before water pressure is restored. Bottled water is plentiful but toilets will not flush. - What options do you have for collecting human waste?
- What emergency actions would you recommend?
Onsite Wastewater Systems
Onsite Wastewater Systems
Wells and Wastewater
Onsite Systems in the Community
Four components of onsite systems ● Collection and Transmission ● Pretreatment ● Application and Distribution ● Effluent Dispersal and Final Treatment
Standard Septic System
In the Tank
The Drainfield
Septic Drainfield Installation
Two major categories of onsite systems Conventional/Standard Systems Advanced/Alternative/Supplemental Systems
Mound Systems
Advanced treatment
Onsite System Issues Physical damage to onsite systems
Onsite System Issues Storm Surge and Onsite System Damage
Onsite System Damage
Onsite System Issues Trees uprooted drainfield
Onsite System Issues Floating and collapsed septic tanks
Onsite System Issues Erosion
Onsite System Issues Flooded drainfied
FEMA Helps: Onsite Systems and Wells FEMA to provide sewer, septic tank reimbursement REPAIR COSTS FOR HURRICANE-RELATED DAMAGE TO WELLS AND SEPTIC SYSTEMS MAY BE ELIGIBLE FOR REIMBURSEMENT FROM FEMA BATON ROUGE, La. — Louisiana residents in disaster-declared parishes whose wells or septic systems were damaged as a result of Hurricanes Katrina or Rita may be eligible for financial assistance from The U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to complete necessary repairs. Homeowners in declared areas may be eligible for grant funding to pump septic tanks, perform required repairs or replace the system as needed. Damaged private wells that are the sole source of water for the home also may be repaired or decontaminated. "We don't want anyone living in a house with contaminated water or raw sewage," said FEMA Deputy Federal Coordinating Officer Scott Wells. "Applicants for state and federal disaster assistance should advise the FEMA inspector they have a private well and septic system." Home-repair grants are designed to restore the home to a safe, secure and functional condition. To qualify for this disaster assistance, applicants must own their home, and the home must be their primary residence. Grants are not intended to restore a home to pre-disaster condition and cannot be used for cosmetic repairs or repairs covered by insurance. Any Louisiana resident in a declared parish who suffered damage or losses from the recent hurricanes can register for disaster assistance by calling the FEMA toll-free registration number 1-800-621-FEMA (3362). The number for people with hearing or speech impairment is (TTY) 1-800-462-7585. Individuals may also register for disaster assistance at the FEMA Web site www.fema.gov. FEMA prepares the nation for all hazards and manages federal response and recovery efforts following any national incident. FEMA also initiates mitigation activities, trains first responders, works with state and local emergency managers, and manages the National Flood Insurance Program and the U.S. Fire Administration. FEMA became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003. For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov or www.ohsep.louisiana.gov.
Helping Onsite System Owners Information on your agency’s Web site Prepare brochures and handouts for disaster preparedness events Provide homeowners with as-built system locations
Helping Onsite Systems Owners Know location of septic system Understanding the system Limit waste stream, conserve water Obtain emergency generators if needed
Helping Onsite System Owners Provide lists of - Portable toilet companies
- Septic tank service companies
Advice on proper use of lime for sewage overflows, etc. Advice on disinfection and cleaning Provide information through - Home improvement centers
- Community centers
- FEMA
Information phone lines
Lessons Learned Potential contamination drinking water sources Standards for systems serving emergency housing Sufficient locations identified for land application of treated waste Establish list of treatment plants accepting portable toilet waste and septage, established MOUs Portable toilets that are moved or stolen and being ordered in insufficient quantity or without service plan
Exercise – Onsite System Your county has experienced a flood…..Environmental Health staff have been working on daily “Sit-Reps” on all issues of public and environmental health….your EH Director decides that a press release/public health advisory is necessary for owners of onsite systems in your county. - What items of information should you include in a public health advisory
Other considerations: Mobile/manufactured homes Limited septage treatment/disposal sites Availability of service providers (operations and maintenance personnel)
Precautions
Public Health Advisory Minimize use of household water (consider doing laundry at a commercial facility if available until system is functioning properly and/or repaired) Do not pump septic tank until groundwater levels recede to normal levels Do not allow children to play in flood waters; sewage-contaminated water causes many diseases If you also have a private well for drinking water, and the well casing is flooded, boil your water per health department recommendations before drinking Have well water tested for bacteria levels after flood waters recede Have your system professionally inspected by a licensed septic system contractor as soon as possible after the event Contact your local health department for information regarding your onsite system and repair permitting procedures
Sewage Backup and Spill Cleanup
Flooding and Sewage Backup Daytona Beach News-Journal, Last update: June 02, 2005 By MELISSA GRIGGS, Staff Writer City settles effluent claim ORMOND BEACH -- City officials have agreed to pay a woman for damages to her home after it was flooded with raw sewage during Hurricane Frances. Barbara Sandberg, who lives in the 500 block of Riverside Drive, settled her claim with the city for $7,455, according to city records. The flooding on Sept. 17 damaged her floors, carpets, furniture and other personal property. City Attorney Randy Hayes said the city's claim committee denied Sandberg's request for reimbursement but she appealed to the City Commission, which approved a settlement. Hayes determined the city had not been negligent and the sewer backup was caused by a loss of power to a lift station during the hurricane. Sandberg argued the city should have installed a backup generator at the lift station. Another city resident, Charles Folcik, also has filed a claim against the city after sewage damage to his home. "Somebody from the city was working on the sewer lines and somehow the sewer backed up into our home," said Folcik, who lives in the 400 block of Ocean Shores Blvd. "A member of our family was in the bathroom at the time and got sprayed with backed up sewage." Folcik submitted a claim for $9,539 in damages from the Sept 13 incident. "We had to tear out our carpets," he said. "They were soaked to the floor. The bathroom erupted. Our washroom erupted. The walls were soaked." Folcik said his repair expenses will be even more now because the house has developed mold. "I want the city to live up to its obligations," he said. Hayes said the city is waiting to receive receipts and other information to document the claim. He said Folcik's claim is not related to the same lift station failure that caused the damage to Sandberg's home. "We need to get additional information to further evaluate his claim," said Hayes. "The claim committee has reviewed his claim. It hasn't been approved or denied. We simply don't have enough information. "Hopefully we will be able to work with him to get it resolved soon," said Hayes.
FEMA Guidance: Sewage Backup In flood-prone areas, flooding can cause sewage from sanitary sewer lines to back up into houses through drain pipes “basements are prone to problems” Backflow valves - prevention measure - Valve prevents flow in reverse direction
- Variety of designs
Use licensed plumbers to install
Backflow Valve
Preventing Backup
Backflow
Sewage Spill Cleanup
Sewage Cleanup and Remediation Procedure Contain the spill Use PPE: Spread powdered lime over the entire spill area Remove material such playground sand Allow a day to dry Rake up excess and place in heavy garbage bag Revegetate area Treat hard surfaces with lime or a bleach/water solution Wash hands and protect open wounds
Sewage Spill Treatment: Lime (Hydrated Lime)
Calcium Hypochlorite (HtH)
Sewage Spill Protocol
Flood Waters Toxic Soup or Not? What test should be done? Recreation water testing - Bacteriologic
- Chemical test
Flood water testing Health messages
Sampling Methods Bacteriologic - Common tests: fecal and enteric
- Regulations (recreation water)
Chemical - Common tests: metals, hydrocarbons, and pesticides
- Regulations (recreation water)
Sampling Procedures Chemical - Use containers supplied by laboratory
Biological - At lab within 6 hours of collection
- Allow for difficult travel conditions
- 18” below surface of water
- Use sampling container and water scoop
Transportation Constraints
Sewage and Surface Water
Sewage Release to Surface Water Post the area and notify media that beach has been posted Notify state environment and public health agencies Inform local vendors Pull samples in area and test for fecal coliform and enterococci Ensure spill has been cleaned up; lime if needed State notification
Sewage/Septage Waste Disposal Using sanitary sewer plants or septage land application sites
Recommendation – Sewer Backup
Public Health Advisory If sewage has backed up into your home, secure the affected areas from access Keep children and pets out of wet areas affected by sewage If your entire home has been saturated, move to temporary housing until all carpeting, rugs, sheetrock, baseboards, etc. have been properly cleaned and disinfected When making repairs to the outside of your home after the flooding or storm has passed, do not allow any vehicles to park on top of your septic tank system!
Public Health Advisory Wear rubber boots and gloves when cleaning up affected areas Discard any items that cannot be disinfected or cleaned properly (advise on how to make a proper disinfecting solution) After cleaning, help the drying process by using fans, air conditioning units, and dehumidifiers if possible Wash all clothing contaminated with flood or sewage water in hot water and detergent Wash hands
Next Steps
REFERENCES Alabama Public Health Training Network; A Division of the Alabama Department of Public Health: http://www.adph.org/ALPHTN American Water Works Association; Water and Wastewater Agency Response Networks: http://www.awwa.org/Government/Content.cfm?ItemNumber=3837&&navItemNumber=3838 Arkansas Watershed Advisory Group: http://www.awag.org/Education.html California Department of Public Health - Beaches and Recreational Waters: Regulations and Guidance: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Beaches.aspx City of Pensacola: Post-Disaster Recovery and Redevelopment: http://escambia-emergency.com/Local_Mitigation/LMSdraftupdate/E-MitigationPlan/CityofPensacolaPostDisaster/PostDisasterRedevelopment.pdf
REFERENCES CDC / HUD Healthy Housing Reference Manual: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/books/housing/housing.htm CDC: Sanitizing With Bleach After a Disaster: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/bleach.asp EH Preparedness Contact Information Map by County (Florida): http://def.sharepoint.doh.ad.state.fl.us/deh/Preparedness/countycontactmap.aspx Elder Valve Inc: http://www.eldervalve.com EPA: What Happens After the Flush: http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/what_happens_after_the_flush.pdf EPA, How Wastewater Treatment Works The Basics: http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/bastre.pdf EPA Water Quality Standards: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/standards
REFERENCES EPA Wastewater Online Articles: http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrccatalog.nsf EPA: What Can You Do to Protect Local Waterways? http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/centralized_brochure.pdf EPA’s Sustaining Our Nation’s Water Infrastructure: http://www.epa.gov/waterinfrastructure/pdfs/brochure_si_sustainingournationswaters.pdf EPA’s Sustainable Infrastructure for Water and Wastewater-Basic Information: http://www.epa.gov/waterinfrastructure/basicinformation.html Florida Department of Environmental Protection; Surface Water Quality Standards: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/wqssp/surface.htm FEMA ESF List: www.fema.gov/emergency/nrf FEMA: Protecting Your Property From Flooding: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/prevent/howto/how2007.pdf
REFERENCES Information on Louisiana Disaster Recovery: www.fema.gov www.ohsep.louisiana.gov New York Times: Sewage Spill During the Blackout Exposed a Lingering City Problem: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District: Flooding/Sewer Backup Determination: http://www.floridadep.org/mainpage/em/2005/dennis/news/0712_03.htm Red Cross: http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/library/FS-SewerBackflowValves Septic Systems - What to Do after a Flood: http://www.inspect-ny.com/septic/septicflood.htm
REFERENCES Kitsap County Health District Water Quality Program-Policy and Procedure: http://www.kitsapcountyhealth.com/environmenta_health/water_quality/docs/policy_sewage_spill U.S. Global Change Research Program: http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/default.php Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District: - http://www.vsfcd.com/report.htm
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia: Demographics of the United States: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States
Questions?
Optional Exercise - Sewage Spill The health department just received a phone call from the local utility company stating that there has been a major sewage spill on the beach. An unknown amount of sewage has gone into a popular recreational lake. - What are your next steps?
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