What determines the distribution of Tulipa species in Uzbekistan?


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Fig. 1. 
Phytogeographical division of Uzbekistan according to Tojibaev et al. (2016) (top) and the 
Tulipa
species richness map (below).
Plant Diversity of Central Asia 2 (2022) 128–137


Table 1. The number of populations, conservation status in the Red Book of Uzbekistan, and information on the distribution of 33 Tulipa species in 
Uzbekistan. Phytogeographic regions correspond to those in Fig. 1. 
Species 
Phytogeographic regions 
Elevation 
No. of 
populations 
Habitat Red Book 
status 
T. bactriana J. de Groot & Tojibaev
I-6e
420 


N/E 
T. korshinskyi Vved.
I-6a
2000-2580 


N/E 
T. biflora Pall.
II-8a
140-240


N/E 
T. tschimganica Botschantz.
I-1b
1950-2130 


N/E 
T. hissarica Popov & Vved.
I-7a
2440-3560 

M, A 

T. borszczowii Baker
II-2a,b; II-3b
60-400

P, F 
N/E 
T. uzbekistanica Botschantz. & Sharipov I-6b,d
1310-1930 



T. orithyioides Vved.
I-6c; I-7a
2180-2990 
M, A 

T. talassica Lazkov
I-1e
1220-3340 

M, A 
N/E 
T. mogoltavica Popov & Vved.
I-1b,d
570-1670 
7
F, M 
N/E 
T. dasystemonoides Vved.
I-1a,c,b,d; I-5a
610-3240
P, A 
N/E 
T. butkovii Botschantz.
I-1b
1120-2640 
14 
F, M 
N/E 
T. intermedia Tojibaev & J.de Groot
I-1e
696-1258 
11


T. scharipovii Tojibaev
I-1e
560-1010 
13


T. tubergeniana Hoog
I-6c,d; I-7a; I-8a
1310-1930 
13 


T. ferganica Vved.
I-2a; I-3b
670-1200 
7


T. vvedenskyi Botschantz.
I-1b,d,c,e
1080-2680 
13 
F, M 

T. carinata Vved.
I-6c; I-7a
1130-3330 
20 
M, A 

T. lanata Regel
I-6c,d; I-7a; I-8a
990-2600 
18
F, M 

T. fosteriana Irving
I-5c; I-6a
590-2400 
21
F, M 

T. ingens Hoog
I-6a,d,c; I-7a
1320-2580 
37 


T. dubia Vved.
I-1a,b,c,d
440-3030 
25
P, A 

T. affinis Botschantz.
I-3a; I-4a,b,c; I-5a,b
330-2600 
32
P, M 

T. micheliana Hoog
I-3a; I-4a,b,c; I-5a,b,c,d; I-6a,b,c
250-1630 
40
P, F 

T. greigii Regel
I-1a,f; II-2a
390-2430 
40
P, M 
N/E 
T. sogdiana Bunge
I-4a; II-3a,b; II-4b,c,b; II-7a
60-720
37 

N/E 
T. dasystemon Regel
I-1a,b,c,d,e; I-5a; I-6a
610-3560 
45
P, A 

T. buhseana Boiss.
I-4a; II-6b; II-7a; II-8a
30-730
45 

N/E 
T. korolkowii Regel
I-1a,b,d,f; I-4a,b,c, I-5a,b; I-6a,b,c,d,e; I-7a; I-8a; II-2a 230-2810 
56
P, M 

T. kaufmanniana Regel
360-3150 
30
P, M 

T. lehmanniana Mercklin
100-630
70 


T. bifloriformis Vved.
350-2760 
60
P, M 
N/E 
T. turkestanica Regel
I-1a,b,c,d
I-3a,b; I-4a,b; I-5d; II-4b
I-1a,b,c,d,e,f; I-2a; II-2a
I-4a,b,c; I-5d, I-6a,b,d; I-7a; II-4a
340-3310 
80
P, M 
N/E 
Asatulloev et al.
Distribution of Tulipa in Uzbekistan 
131
Abbreviations: P plain, F foothills, M mid mountain, A alpine, N/
E not estimated 
Plant Diversity of Central Asia 2 (2022) 128–137
4
12


Results
 
Species richness
 
The information on the distribution of 33 
Tulipa
species in phytogeographic regions of 
Uzbekistan is provided in Table 1. The widest 
range have Tulipa korolkowii (in seven 
regions), T. sogdiana and T. turkestanica (in 
five regions). T. micheliana, T. buhseana and T. 
lehmanniana 
(in four regions) and T. 
tubergeniana, T. lanata, T. affinis, T. 
dasystemon
and T. bifloriformis (in three 
regions). T. borszczowii, T. orithyioides, T. 
dasystemonoides
, T. ferganica, T. carinata, T. 
fosteriana
T. ingens and T. greigii grow in two
regions, and the remaining 14 species occur in 
only one region.
The species richness map produced by 
overlapping the species ranges on the map of 
phytogeographical regions of Uzbekistan is 
shown in Fig. 1. According to the map, the 
Western Tian Shan and Western Hissar are the 
most Tulipa species-rich regions, having 14 and 
13 species, respectively. The Kuhistan and 
Hissar-Darvaz regions have 8 and 7 species, 
respectively, and the remaining regions from 1 
to 5 species.
A relationship between altitude and 
species richness was found to be best described 
by a hump-shaped curve (Fig. 2). The highest 
species richness (> 15 species) is observed at 
the altitudes between 700 and 2200 m.
Fig. 2
. The relationship between Tulipa species richness and elevation 
Ecological determinants of species distribution 
Topography (slope angle and aspect) was the 
primary determinant (> 50% contribution) of 
the distribution of 11 species (T. biflora, T. 
tschimganica, T. hisssarica, T. borczszowii, T. 
butkovii, T. carinata, T. affinis, T. micheliana, 
T. sogdiana, T. korolkowii
and T. turkestanica),
while climate was the primary determinant of
all the remaining species subjected to SDM
(Fig. 3). Topography significantly (from 10 to
50%) contributed to the explanation of the
distribution of 11 species (T. korshinskyiT.
tschimganica, T. talassica, T. mogoltavica, T. 
tubergeniana, T. ferganica, T. lanata, T. ingens, 
T.
buhseana, 
T. 
kaufmanniana 
and T.
lehmanniana
). Topography contributed little or
nothing (less than 10%) to the explanation of
the distribution of 9 species (T. uzbekistanica,
T.
orithyioides, 
T. 
dasystemonoides, 
T.
intermedia, T. scharipovii, T. vvedenskyi, T.
fosteriana, T. dubia
and T. bifloriformis). Soil
was the primary determinant for neither
species, but it significantly contributed (> 10
%) to the explanation of the distribution of T.
uzbekistanica, T. butkovii and T. lanata.
Plant Diversity of Central Asia 2 (2022) 128–137
Asatulloev et al.
Distribution of Tulipa in Uzbekistan 
132


Distribution of Tulipa in Uzbekistan 
Asatulloev et al.
Tulipa
species distribution inUzbekistan 
embraces four habitat categories defined 
by Sennikov et al. (2016) based on the altitude 
and 
corresponding 
vegetation: alpine 
(the yailau zone) (2800-3600 m), 
mid-
mountain (the tau zone) (1200-2800 m), 
foothills (the adyr zone) (400-1200 m) and 
plains (the chul zone) (1-400 m) (Table 1). 
Ten Tulipa species grow in the alpine zone, 
23 in mid-mountains, 21 in foothills, and 17 
in plains. The Venn diagram (Fig. 4) shows 
that many species occur in more than one 
habitat category, and only 10 species occur in 
a single habitat (0, 3, 5, 2; alpine, mid-
mountains, foothills, plains, respectively). 
Among the 22 species for which topography 
was found to be important, only five 
species occur in a single habitat (three in 
mid-mountains, and one in each foothills 
and plains). 
Of 33 species, 12 had ≥ 30 populations, 
10 had from 10 to 30 populations, and 11 had 
less than 10 populations per species. There was 
no preference for particular habitat categories 
for species with many or just a few populations. 
The elevation range spanned by the species 
distribution was found to be positively 
correlated with a number of populations (r = 
0.50, p < 0.05) and AOO (r = 0.57, p < 0.05), 
but not with EOO (r = 0.01, p > 0.5).
Of 33 Tulipa species, 19 are included in 
the Red Book of Uzbekistan under 
the 
categories 
1-3 
(1: 
critically 
endangered, 2: endangered, 3: vulnerable or 
near threatened).
The mean values ± SE of 
AOO, EOO, elevation range and the number 
of populations for these species are 110.5
±17.7 km
2
, 27111±8988 km
2
, 1645±194 m, 
and 
24.3±4.3 
populations, respectively. 
These values did not differ significantly 
from the corresponding values for Tulipa 
species not included in the Red Book of 
Uzbekistan (without the recently discovered T. 
bactriana 
which is an extremely rare species 
but is not included in the Red Book yet) 
(99.2±32.4 km
2
, 55860±21175 km
2
, 1208±281 
m, and 23.9±7.2 populations, respectively). Of 
19 Red-Listed species, six grow in the alpine 
zone, 14 in mid-mountains, 11 in foothills, and 
5 in plains. Only six species occur in a single 
habitat (3 in mid-mountains and 3 in foothills). 
A comparison of the Venn diagrams for the 
Red-listed and unlisted species (Fig. 4) shows 
minor differences. Three Red-listed species 
occur exclusively in foothills but neither 
unlisted species. Topography was the primary 
determinant of distribution (> 50% 
contribution) of 5, or important (10-50%
contribution) for the distribution of 6 Red-listed 
species.

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